Nactlylvh

Language of the Night

Introduction

Nactlylvh, or Night Speech, is the language spoken primarily by the Nactdrel. Since Nactdrel are a race rather than a country, their language is not centered in any particular place. Rather, it can be found wherever Nactdrel have dwelt or exercised influence. However, Nactdrel do exhibit a preference for colder climates and longer nights, so Nactlylvh and its derivatives are more common toward polar regions.

Classical & Neo Nactlylvh

Nactlylvh can be crudely divided into two forms.

Classical Nactlylvh is the oldest form. Most Nactdrel speak classical Nactlylvh, as do older or more formal speakers of other races. It is fairly static, having changed little over the generations. This is partly because Nactdrel are immortal—many of the original speakers are still alive—and partly because they keep to themselves, limiting the influence of outside cultures.

Neo Nactlylvh—sometimes called corrupted Nactlylvh by more elitist speakers of the classical form—evolved as a result of other races adopting the language of the Nactdrel. A few Nactdrel themselves speak neo Nactlylvh; usually these are younger individuals who spend a great deal of time amongst other races. The neo form is in a state of constant evolution, gradually taking on qualities of surrounding languages. As such, it includes a variety of dialects. These dialects have not diverged greatly; speakers of different dialects can understand each other without much difficulty.

At its most extreme, the contrast between classical and neo Nactlylvh is like comparing a soft-spoken gentleman to a rambunctious cowboy; their words are mostly the same, but one demonstrates greater finesse and subtlety.

Since the differences between classical and neo Nactlylvh are largely stylistic, they can be learned as a single language. Simply bear in mind the guidelines for whichever form you wish to speak.

Notation

In this guide, characters between slashes (e.g., /b̪/) are International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations. If you aren’t familiar with IPA, you can hear most of the pronunciations here:

Language samples are given with interlinear glosses (e.g., child-LN.ERG-PL). You can learn how to read gloss notation here:

Leipzig Glossing Rules

Phonology

Although Nactdrel are capable of loud outbursts, they are overall a soft-spoken race. As a general rule, voiced phonemes in classical Nactlylvh are only voiced enough to distinguish them from their unvoiced counterparts. A fluent speaker should always seem on the verge of whispering. Neo Nactlylvh, however, permits a broader range of distinction.

Consonants

	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alveolar	Velar	Uvular
Stop	b		t d		c
Fricative	vh v	th dh	s z	sh zh	ch	h r
Approximant			lh l
Nasal	m		n

Consonant Inventory

Many of the consonants are pronounced similarly to English, with some exceptions.

Consonant	IPA	Description
b	/b̪/	English b with upper teeth against lower lip
c	/k/	English k as in kill, never c as in cell
ch	/x/	Scottish ch as in loch
d	/d/	English d as in dark
dh	/ð/	English th as in then
h	/χ/	Guttural hiss, with optional growl or purr
l	/l/	English l as in lake, never as in cool
lh	/l̥/	Whispered English l
m	/ɱ/	English m with upper teeth against lower lip, as in symphony
n	/n/	English n as in night
r	/ʁ/	Guttural or French r, with optional growl or purr
s	/s/	English s as in sigh
sh	/ʃ/	English sh as in shy
t	/t/	English t as in time
th	/θ/	English th as in thin
v	/v/	English v as in vapor
vh	/f/	English f as in fate
z	/z/	English z as in zero
zh	/ʒ/	English s as in vision, French j as in jour

Consonant Pronunciation Guide

Fricatives—especially sibilants—are slightly drawn out compared to English. This is even more pronounced in syllabic codas.

In the more divergent dialects of neo Nactlylvh, adjacent consonants tend to agree in voicing. The first consonant usually sets the voicing, but some dialects give control to the second instead.

Certain neo Nactlylvh dialects make h silent when it appears as the first or last sound in a word.

Vowels

	Front	Mid	Back
High	i		u
Mid-High		y
Mid	e		o
Mid-Low		oe
Low	a		au

Vowel Inventory

Unlike English, each vowel has a single pronunciation. With the exception of diphthongs, Nactlylvh vowels do not change their pronunciation based on their surroundings.

Vowel	IPA	Description
a	/a/	English a as in father or hat, depending on your accent
au	/ɒ/	English o as in not, somewhere between “ah” and “oh”
e	/ɛ/	English e as in wet
i	/i/	English ee as in free
o	/o̞/	English o as in alone
oe	/ə/	English u as in just
u	/u/	English u as in lunar
y	/ɪ/	English i as in mist

Vowel Pronunciation Guide

Double vowels are pronounced by elongating the sound. Classical speakers often insert an h-like hiss between the vowels. This has led some neo dialects to include the h in the spelling, while others represent it with an apostrophe. All of the following are equivalent:

syylv
syhylv
sy’ylv

Consistency should be observed. This guide will use the classical spellings throughout; that is, with nothing separating consecutive vowels.

Diphthongs

Nactlylvh diphthongs are divided into classical and neo groupings. Classical diphthongs are the oldest, and are always pronounced as a single syllable.

Diphthong	IPA	Description
ai	/ai/	English i as in spine
ei	/ɛi/	English a as in rake

Classical Diphthongs

Neo diphthongs are the result of sound change as other races began using Nactylylvh. They are only pronounced as one syllable in neo Nactlylvh; classical speakers pronounce them as two syllables, with each vowel retaining its pure sound. The second phoneme in a neo diphthong may be a classical diphthong.

Neo diphthongs are formed by prepending i or u to another vowel. A neo speaker will pronounce the initial i as /j/ (English y as in year) and the initial u as /w/ (as in quiet).

Diphthong	IPA	Description
ia	/ja/	“yah”
iai	/jai/	“yigh”
iau	/jɒ/	“yaw” or “yough”
ie	/jɛ/	“yeh”
iei	/jɛi/	“yay”
ii	/ji/	“yee”
io	/jo̞/	“yoh”
ioe	/jə/	“yuh”
iu	/ju/	“yoo”
iy	/jɪ/	“yih”
ua	/wa/	“wah”
uai	/wai/	“wigh”
uau	/wɒ/	“waw” or “wough”
ue	/wɛ/	“weh”
uei	/wɛi/	“way”
ui	/wi/	“wee”
uo	/wo̞/	“woh”
uoe	/wə/	“wuh”
uu	/wu/	“woo”
uy	/wɪ/	“wih”

Neo Diphthongs

Phonotactics

Given the following:

C = Consonant
S = Stop
F = Fricative
A = Approximant
N = Nasal
V = Vowel

Nactlylvh displays the syllable pattern:

(C,CF,CA,FC)V(V)(C,SF,FC,AC,NF,ct)(l,r)

Syllable Pattern

This pattern generalizes the following rules:

All syllables must have a nucleus (vowel cluster)
If the syllable is a regular root, it must have a coda (closing consonant cluster); this is optional in irregular roots
Onsets may be:
- A single consonant
- Any consonant followed by a fricative or approximant
- A fricative followed by any other consonant
Nuclei may be a single vowel or diphthong
Codas may be:
- A single consonant
- A stop followed by a fricative
- A fricative or approximant followed by any other consonant
- A nasal followed by a fricative
- C followed by t
- Any of the above followed by l or r

There are several exceptions to these rules:

A consonant is never followed by itself
A consonant is never followed by its voiced or unvoiced counterpart, except as a result of concatenation
Approximants in onsets may only be followed by r
Approximants may only follow r in a coda consonant cluster
Ch may only follow approximants and r in a coda consonant cluster
R never appears as the first phoneme in an onset consonant cluster
H never appears as part of a consonant cluster

Therefore, umvr is a Nactlylvh syllable following the allowed pattern VNFr. However, cmaz cannot be a Nactlylvh syllable, since cm (generalized by the pattern SN) is not allowed.

Medial consonant clusters may appear when inflecting roots or creating compound words. When these clusters form, the following rules are applied:

Approximants (l and lh) and uvular fricatives (h and r) may only appear as the first or last phoneme in a consonant cluster; otherwise they are dropped
Double consonants are merged

Therefore, Nactlylvh is formed by concatenating nactr (night) and lylvh (speech). The r in nactr is dropped since it appears in the middle of the consonant cluster ctrl.

Syllabification

Nactlylvh demonstrates a few quirks when breaking words into syllables.

As noted earlier, diphthongs are handled differently in classical and neo Nactlylvh. Depending on which form you speak, ie may be broken down in one of two ways:

i-e
ie

Double vowels may or may not create an extra syllable, depending on the speaker. Dryvtazuun may be either:

dryvt-a-zuun
dryvt-a-zu-un

Classical speakers are more likely to pronounce the latter. Note that double vowels always constitute a single syllable when determining stress, however.

By themselves, l and r are not syllabic; ithl and nactr are considered one-syllable words.

Whenever possible, do not place a syllable break within a root. Nactdrel is broken down as Nact-drel.

If a word is broken down properly, each syllable will adhere to the allowed syllable patterns described by Nactlylvh phonotactics.

Stress

Classical Nactlylvh stress is subtle; the stressed syllable should be just barely more emphasized than the rest of the word. Neo Nactlylvh makes the emphasis more obvious.

Stress is always placed on the nucleus of the stressed syllable. If the nucleus is made of multiple vowels, the second vowel takes the stress.

zhul
syylv

In most multisyllabic words, stress is placed on the penultimate syllable.

thenuvi
Nezachimuvi

There are a few exceptions. Articles and demonstratives hyphenated to a noun count as separate words for the purpose of determining stress, and are always stressed on the last syllable.

drelu-zatram

Verbs (except infinitives) are also stressed on the last vowel.

zecryn
zetrazun
dryvtazuun

Alphabetical Order

Nactlylvh uses an alphabetical order that differs from English:

z zh v vh t th s sh r h l lh d dh c ch b m n y oe u i o e a au

Alphabetical Order

For simplicity, however, this guide will use English alphabetical order, treating digraphs (e.g., ch, th, etc.) as two separate letters.

Morphology

Roots

Almost all Nactlylvh words derive from noun roots, most of which are regular. Regular roots must:

Be monosyllabic
Contain a nucleus (usually called the stem vowel) and coda
Undergo every form of nominal inflection (class, number, case, etc.)

Therefore:

Zy (time-neuter the) is irregular; it is monosyllabic and inflects by class and number, but it lacks a coda and does not inflect by case
Set (and) is irregular; it has a nucleus (-e-) and coda (-t), but it never undergoes any form of nominal inflection because it is a conjunction
Umvr (darkness) is regular; it has an nucleus (u-), and coda (-mvr), and it is a noun that inflects by class, number, and case

No two roots share the same onset-coda combination. Although different roots are theoretically obtainable by changing only the nucleus, this simply does not occur in Nactlylvh.

Irregular roots are roots that fail to meet the criteria above. Articles are irregular, as are conjunctions and most numbers.

Class

Nactlylvh nouns are assigned a class, which controls how the root inflects. This class is determined by domain and gender. There are three domains (time, life, death) and three genders (neuter, masculine, feminine), producing a total of seven possible classes—the time domain is never combined with the masculine or feminine genders.

	Time	Life	Death
Neuter	Time-Neuter	Life-Neuter	Death-Neuter
Masculine	-	Life-Masculine	Death-Masculine
Feminine	-	Life-Feminine	Death-Feminine

Noun Classes

Classes are often abbreviated for convenience (e.g., time-neuter = TN, death-feminine = DF, etc.).

Nouns are organized into classes on a natural basis, not a lexical basis, meaning you can generally determine the proper class based on what the word means.

Domain

Animate (or once-animate) entities are assigned their domain as one would expect; living things always belong to the life domain, while dead things belong to the death domain.

The death domain is actually slightly more complicated than that. In addition to traditionally dead things, it is used for undead and spirits. It can also be used to distinguish between a living being’s physical life and spiritual life.

The death domain may be used to create nuance. A married couple might refer to each other in the death domain as a form of intimacy (speaking to each other’s souls). Enemies might do the same thing, but to communicate a threat (“you’re dead!”). The death domain is also sometimes used to make a plea. This is akin to appealing to the listener’s conscience, and is usually reserved for when someone’s life is at stake.

One should be careful when using the death domain to refer to living beings. In the wrong context, it can come across as inappropriately intimate (bordering on sexual harassment) or violently aggressive.

When talking about someone’s death, it may be unclear which domain to use. Are you talking about a living person who died, or a dead person? The answer lies in context.

Imagine two people, A and B, talking. A asks how C is doing, and B answers, “C died.” C would take the death domain, because he is dead, and B is simply stating this fact. However, if A tells a story about C, and the story goes “and then C died,” C would take the life domain, because he was alive until the exact moment of death. Every mention of C thereafter would take the death domain.

There are still gray areas of course. The safest rule is to assume life unless you are certain of death.

Inanimate entities are more arbitrary. The guidelines below should prove helpful:

Time: time, balance, order, transcendence, neutrality
Life: life, light, heat, positive, increase, up, gain
Death: death, dark, cold, negative, decrease, down, loss

It’s not hard to find exceptions. For instance, most people would expect ryld (beauty) to belong to the life domain, or maybe the time domain, but it actually belongs to the death domain. Most exceptions, like ryld, can be explained by Nactdrel culture.

Other exceptions occur when one word is appropriated for multiple definitions. For instance, chatr (hand) is naturally life-neuter, but chatr is also used for a military division. Although words dealing with violence and conflict usually belong to the death domain, chatr retains its life domain from the original meaning, hand.

When referring to an entity of mixed or unknown domain, you may default to the time domain.

Gender

Gender is easier. Animate entities belong to the gender represented by their biology. If the gender is unknown or the entity is a group of mixed gender, use the neuter. Inanimate entities are always neuter.

Class Letters

Class-based inflections make use of class letters. Each class has an associated vowel…

	Time	Life	Death
Neuter	y	a	u
Masculine	-	a	u
Feminine	-	i	u

Class Vowels

…and a pair of associated consonants, which are classified as “hard” and “soft”. In the table below, hard consonants are on the left, followed by their soft counterparts.

	Time	Life	Death
Neuter	b v	t th	d dh
Masculine	-	r h	r h
Feminine	-	l lh	l lh

Class Consonants

Nouns

Nactlylvh nouns inflect by class, case, and number. They may also be inverted or augmented.

Noun Class

All nouns have a default class, which dictates the case affixes. This class can be reassigned by using different affixes. This is only done, however, if a unique word does not already exist. For instance, life-neuter drelat (child, ergative) can become death-neuter drelud (dead child, ergative), but for life-masculine you would use radar (boy or son, ergative).

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Nactlylvh has ergative-absolutive alignment, which is different from English’s nominative-accusative alignment.

In English, transitive and intransitive subjects are given the same semantic role and use the nominative case, while transitive objects use the accusative case.

In Nactlylvh, intransitive subjects and transitive objects have the same semantic role and use the absolutive case, while transitive subjects use the ergative case.

To make this clear, consider the English verbs break, die, and kill.

“He kills people” is a transitive sentence. The subject is acting out the verb, therefore (in Nactlylvh) he takes the ergative case. Meanwhile, the direct object people is being acted upon by the verb, and so takes the absolutive case.

“He dies” is an intransitive sentence. The subject is not acting out the verb; the verb is happening to him. Therefore, even though he is the subject, it takes the absolutive case as if it were the direct object.

English often has separate verbs for transitive and intransitive sentences, but Nactlylvh does not. That’s where the English example break comes in.

“He broke the window” works exactly like the kill example above. He takes the ergative case and window takes the absolutive. On the other hand, “the window broke” works exactly like the die example. Window takes the absolutive case in both examples because it serves the same semantic role; it is being acted upon.

All Nactlylvh verbs behave like English break. Nactlylvh die and kill are a single word, and the meaning is determined by the case of the subject.

It’s also worth mentioning the reflexive case. This is used when the subject and the object are the same entity, as in “I hurt myself.” English requires both a subject and a special reflexive object (myself). Nactlylvh only requires a reflexive subject.

Case

Nactlylvh words change based on their purpose in a sentence. This is called case. English has remnants of a case system, observable in its pronouns (he/him, I/me, etc.). Nactlylvh’s case system is extensive, but this is balanced by a lack of prepositions. Where English would use a prepositional phrase, Nactlylvh can often get by with a single noun. This case system also allows for free word order; a noun’s exact meaning is determined by its case rather than its position in the sentence. Cases are formed by adding a suffix to the root.

The vocative case is the citation form, and is simply the root (or compound root) without any affix. It is used for addresses, exclamations, titles, and any other situation not covered by any of the other cases.

The ergative, absolutive, and reflexive suffixes are class-based:

	TN	LN	LM	LF	DN	DM	DF	Meaning
Ergative	-yb	-at	-ar	-il	-ud	-ur	-ul	Transitive subject
Absolutive	-yv	-ath	-ah	-ilh	-udh	-uh	-ulh	Intransitive subject, transitive object
Reflexive	-ybyv	-atath	-arah	-ililh	-ududh	-uruh	-ululh	Reflexive subject/object

Morphosyntactic Alignment Cases

Namar tzevdah-za nzecrabet.: /ˈnaɱ.aʁ ˈtzɛvd.aχ za nzɛkʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 3.LM-LM.ERG king-LM.ABS the.LM murder-IND-PST.PFV; He killed the king.
Tzevdah-za zetrabet.: /ˈtzɛvd.aχ za zɛkʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; king-LM.ABS the.LM death-IND-PST.PFV; The king died.
Zhimililh shynabet.: /ʒiɱ.ˈil.il̥ ʃɪn.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 1.LF-LF.REFL pain-IND-PST.PFV; I hurt myself.

All other cases are the same regardless of class:

	Suffix	English Equivalents	Meaning
Locative	-azhi	in, at, on	Exact spatial or temporal location
Adessive	-ishi	near, by, around, with	Approximate spatial or temporal location, companions
Abessive	-achai	far from, away, without, not during	Spatial or temporal absence, absence of companions
Perlative	-uri	through, between, during, throughout	Movement through or between someting, temporal duration
Lative	-avtre	to, toward, into, onto, until, for	Movement toward something, temporal duration up to a point in time, recipients
Ablative	-adai	away, from, off, out, since, against	Movement away from or opposed to something, temporal duration after a point in time
Antessive	-anai	before, in front of, above	Before or above something
Postessive	-urzi	after, behind, beyond, below	After or below something
Instrumental	-ulai	with, via, by, full of, possessing	Means, companions, endowed with or characterized by something
Privative	-ashai	without, lacking	Absence of means or companions, not endowed with or characterized by something
Benefactive	-ubai	for, of	Beneficiaries, in support of someone or something
Aversive	-esdre	against, opposed to, afraid of	Contrary to or against something, victims, fear of something
Genetive	-uvi	of, belonging to	Possession, origination, membership
Causative	-uzhai	causing, resulting in	Create, instigate, or cause something
Equative	-avca	as, like	Equality, similarity

Adpositional Cases

Tyrzil-zi zebrudh selmabet namavtre.: /ˈtɪʁz.il ˈzɛb̪ʁ.uð sɛlɱ.a.ˈb̪ɛt naɱ.ˈavt.ʁɛ/; queen-LF.ERG the.LF sword-DN.ABS gift-IND-PST.PFV 3.LM-LAT; The queen gave him a sword.
Vredhar-zhi myrcabet zleturi-zu.: /ˈvʁɛð.aʁ ʒi ɱɪʁk.a.ˈb̪ɛt zlɛt.ˈu.ʁi zu/; brother-LM.ERG 1.LF veil-IND-PST.PFV battle-PRL the.DN; My brother hid during the battle.
Zhamar Uuvdhynazhi mortazen.: /ˈʒaɱ.aʁ uːv.ðɪn.ˈa.ʒi ɱoʁt.a.ˈzɛn/; 1.LM-LM.ERG Uruvin-LOC time-IND-PRS.PROG; I live in Uruvin.

The genetive case can be used to show possession (e.g., rad zhemuvi, “son of me”), but more often possession is communicated through personal demonstratives (e.g., rad-zhe, “my son”).

The genetive case may be combined with personal demonstratives to create chains of ownership:

hedhr raduvi-ni: /χɛðʁ ʁad.ˈu.vi ni/; cloak son-GEN 3.LF; her son’s cloak

Plurals

Nouns that end with consonants are made plural by suffixing -u, while nouns that end with vowels are pluralized by suffixing -m. Pluralization is performed after any case suffixes have been applied.

zulhu: /ˈzul̥.u/; ghost-PL; ghosts
nemuvim: /nɛɱ.ˈu.viɱ/; 3.LN-GEN-PL; belonging to them

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns undergo a couple unique inflections. First, the stem vowel is substituted based on class, but not necessarily using the standard class vowel.

	TN	LN	LM	LF	DN	DM	DF
First-Person	zhy	zhe	zha	zhi	zho	zhau	zhu
Second-Person	thy	the	tha	thi	tho	thau	thu
Third-Person	ny	ne	na	ni	no	nau	nu
Second/Third-Person Honorific	vy	ve	va	vi	vo	vau	vu

Personal Pronouns

Second, when inflecting by case, personal pronouns receive an extra suffix just prior to the case suffix.

	Suffix
First-Person	-m-
Second-Person	-n-
Third-Person	-m-
Second/Third-Person Honorific	-s-

Personal Pronoun Case Pre-Suffixes

Query Pronouns

Prefixing cu- to certain nouns creates query pronouns. These terms are used in combination with the interrogative verbal mood to form questions.

Query Term	Translation
cuzhect	what
cuvhez	how
cumort	when
cunen	where
cuzhet	who
cuvuvn	why

Query Pronouns

These pronouns inflect like normal nouns. Class and number depend on how much the asker knows about the answer; if they know nothing, the noun will be classed as time-neuter singular. If they know the answer will be multiple dead males, they will use the death-masculine plural. A specific class and number may also be used to guide the listener toward a certain answer.

Determiners

Nouns may be described by articles or demonstratives by hyphenating the desired determiner to the end of the noun.

Articles

Nactlylvh has definite articles, but not indefinite. Articles agree with the class and number of their head. Class agreement is formed by substituting the appropriate class vowel. Number agreement is formed by suffixing -m.

	TN	LN	LM	LF	DN	DM	DF
Singular	zy	za	za	zi	zu	zu	zu
Plural	zym	zam	zam	zim	zum	zum	zum

Definite Articles

zulh-zu: /zul̥ zu/; ghost the.DN; the ghost
lelu-zim: /ˈlɛl.u ziɱ/; girl-PL the.LF-PL; the girls

A noun doesn’t necessarily take an article just because it does so in English. The most common examples are directions and positions, such as north and top. English uses the definite article to differentiate between prepositions (e.g., I went north) and nouns (e.g., I went to the north, I ascended to the top of the tower). Nactlylvh doesn’t have prepositions, so there is no need to distinguish; such words are always nouns and almost never require an article.

Zhamar bachabet dhurnavtre.: /ˈʒaɱ.aʁ b̪ax.a.ˈb̪ɛt ðuʁn.ˈavt.ʁɛ/; 1.LM-LM.ERG departure-IND-PST.PFV north.LAT; I went (to the) north.
Zhamar tazedabet tazedavtre bvarduvi-zy.: /ˈʒaɱ.aʁ ta.zɛt.a.ˈb̪ɛt ta.zɛt.ˈavt.ʁɛ b̪vaʁd.ˈu.vi zɪ/; 1.LM-LM.ERG L.height-IND-PST.PFV L.height-LOC tower-GEN the.TN; I ascended to the top of the tower.

Proper nouns almost never take articles, because the noun’s “properness” often serves the same function as an article; it designates a specific instance of a noun, so everyone knows which one we’re talking about. Therefore, where an English speaker would say “the Atlantic Ocean,” a Nactdrel would simply say “Atlantic Ocean.” There’s only one Atlantic Ocean, so the is redundant in Nactlylvh. It’s exactly how an English speaker would never use an article in conjunction with a country or a personal name. You would never say “I went to the France to visit the David.”

Zhematu lobabet Syylvnenuri Zulhulai.: /ʒɛɱ.ˈat.u lob̪.a.ˈb̪ɛt sɪːlv.nɛn.ˈu.ʁi zul̥.ˈu.lai/; 1.LN-LN.ERG-PL foot-IND-PST.PFV Tree-Place-PRL Ghost-INS; We walked through (the) Haunted Forest.

Demonstratives

All demonstratives inflect by class and number in the same way as articles. However, some demonstratives are locked into a plural form and can only be attached to plural nouns.

The following demonstratives may be singular or plural (singular forms shown below):

	TN	LN	LM	LF	DN	DM	DF
This/These	dyv	dav	dav	div	duv	duv	duv
That/Those	dythn	dathn	dathn	dithn	duthn	duthn	duthn
Another/Other	nytr	natr	natr	nitr	nutr	nutr	nutr
Any	vry	vra	vra	vri	vru	vru	vru
No/None	hyz	haz	haz	hiz	huz	huz	huz

Singular-Plural Demonstratives

zebr-duv: /zɛb̪ʁ duv/; sword this; this sword
zebru-duvu: /ˈzɛb̪ʁ.u duv.ˈu/; sword-PL this-PL; these swords

The following demonstratives may only be plural (plural forms shown below):

	TN	LN	LM	LF	DN	DM	DF
Few	shym	sham	sham	shim	shum	shum	shum
Many/Lots	svym	svam	svam	svim	svum	svum	svum
Most	stym	stam	stam	stim	stum	stum	stum
All/Every	trym	tram	tram	trim	trum	trum	trum

Plural Demonstratives

zebru-trum: /ˈzɛb̪ʁ.u tʁuɱ/; sword-PL every; every sword

Demonstratives can also be used as standalone pronouns, which must then inflect by case. Remember that case suffixes are applied prior to pluralization, so the plural-only demonstratives look rather different.

Dyvybu myrcabiet syylvurzi.: /dɪv.ˈɪ.b̪u ɱɪʁk.a.b̪i.ˈɛt sɪːlv.ˈuʁ.zi/; this.TN-TN.ERG-PL veil-IND-PST.PROG tree-POST; These were hiding behind a tree.
Staathu zetrabet.: /ˈstaːθ.u zɛkʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; most.LN.ERG death-IND-PST.PFV; Most (of them) died.

Determiner Chaining

Certain demonstratives may be chained to articles. This is done by deleting the article’s plural suffix (if any) and concatenating the demonstrative.

drelu-zatram: /ˈdʁɛl.u za.ˈtʁaɱ/; child-PL the.LN-all.LN; all the children

Personal Demonstratives

Personal pronouns may be treated as demonstratives. When used as such, these pronouns may not be chained with articles. Additionally, unlike other determiners, their class and number correspond to the pronoun’s referrant rather than noun to which they are hyphenated.

drel-zhe: /dʁɛl ʒɛ/; child 1.LN; my child
drelu-zhe: /ˈdʁɛl.u ʒɛ/; child-PL 1.LN; my children
drel-zhem: /dʁɛl ʒɛɱ/; child 1.LN-PL; our child
drelu-zhem: /ˈdʁɛl.u ʒɛɱ/; child-PL 1.LN-PL; our children

Proper Nouns

As in English, proper nouns are capitalized. However, some proper nouns can become verbs (e.g., nactlylvhyn), and when used as such they are not capitalized. As a general rule, a word with a proper noun stem is only capitalized if it refers specifically to the entity from which it derives its “properness”.

Inversion

Any noun can be inverted by reversing the frontness/backness of the stem vowel.

zhot: /ʒo̞t/; not-person

If the stem vowel is y or oe, reverse the height rather than the frontness.

noeld: /nəld/; not-success

Very rarely, inversion is performed to create an opposite, but most opposites have their own unique entry in the Nactlylvh lexicon. More often, it’s done to create an extra dimension of distinction or nuance. In the examples above, it could mean you’re talking about something that seems like a person, but is not.

Inversion can also be used in a sarcastic or jocular manner. If a know-it-all is constantly spouting useless facts, one might say he is full of moth (non-knowledge).

Augmentation

Any noun can be augmented by doubling the stem vowel.

dhaav: /ðaːv/; manly man
nlyys: /nlɪːs/; complete destruction

Sometimes this results in a new concept with a completely different meaning from the original:

sylv: /sɪlv/; plant
syylv: /sɪːlv/; tree

Verbs

Any noun can be turned into a verb by applying the correct suffix. Verbs conjugate based on tense, aspect, and mood.

	Infinitive	Past	Present	Future
Perfective	-yn	-abet	-azun	-anuv
Progressive	-iyn	-abiet	-azen	-anur
Habitual	-ynyn	-abenet	-azudhun	-anuruv
Completive	-yyn	-abehet	-azuun	-anuuv

Verbal Tenses and Aspects

selmyn: /sɛlɱ.ˈɪn/; gift-INF; to give
selmabet: /sɛlɱ.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; gift-IND-PST.PFV; gave
selmazen: /sɛlɱ.a.ˈzɛn/; gift-IND-PRS.PROG; is giving
selmanuruv: /sɛlɱ.a.nu.ˈʁuv/; gift-IND-FUT.HAB; will give (on a recurring basis)
selmazuun: /sɛlɱ.a.ˈzuːn/; gift-IND-PRS.COMPL; have given

Tense

Nactlylvh has three tenses—past, present, and future—which set a temporal reference point for the action being described.

These points of reference are not static. For example, the present may refer to this exact moment in time, or it may encompass a broad swath of time of which the current moment is a part.

Aspect

Timing and duration of an action are specified via aspects, of which there are four.

Perfective: complete action occuring within the point of reference
Progressive: continuous action throughout the point of reference
Habitual: action repeated at intervals throughout the point of reference
Completive: action completed prior to the point of reference

Mood

Most verbal moods are formed by replacing the first vowel in the verbal suffix (which defaults to the indicative a).

	Replacement	Meaning
Indicative	-a-	Statement of fact, default
Desiderative	-e-	Desired outcome, polite commands
Metutive	-u-	Feared outcome, polite negative commands
Imperative	-ir-	Direct commands
Interrogative	-ocu-	Questions, uncertainty

Verbal Moods via Replacement

The causative and negative moods are instead formed by suffixes.

	Suffix	Meaning
Causative	-el	This verb causes another verb in the sentence
Negative	-ach	Inverts the verb’s meaning

Verbal Moods via Suffixation

Suffixed moods may be combined with any of the others. If the negative and causative moods are combined by applying both suffixes, the negative always comes last.

Uvluvanuv.: /uv.luv.a.ˈnuv/; grief-water-IND-FUT.PFV; It will rain.
Uvluvenuv.: /uv.luv.ɛ.ˈnuv/; grief-water-DES-FUT.PFV; It will rain (I hope).
Uvluvunuv.: /uv.luv.u.ˈnuv/; grief-water-MET-FUT.PFV; It will rain (I’m afraid).
Lylvhirzun!: /lɪlf.iʁ.ˈzun/; speech-IMP-PRS.PFV; Speak!
Lylvhocunuv namar?: /lɪlf.o̞.ku.ˈnuv ˈnaɱ.aʁ/; speech-INT-FUT.PFV 3.LM-LM.ERG; Will he speak?
Nematu belthabetel namar lylvhabet: /nɛɱ.ˈat.u b̪ɛlθ.a.b̪ɛt.ˈɛl ˈnaɱ.aʁ lɪlf.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 3.LN-LN.ERG-PL permission-IND-PST.PFV-CAUS 3.LM-LM.ERG speech-IND-PST.PFV; They let him speak.
Namar lylvhanuvach.: /ˈnaɱ.aʁ lɪlf.a.nuv.ˈax/; 3.LM-LM.ERG speech-IND-FUT.PFV-NEG; He will not speak.
Nematu belthabetelach namar lylvhabet: /nɛɱ.ˈat.u b̪ɛlθ.a.b̪ɛt.ɛl.ˈax ˈnaɱ.aʁ lɪlf.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 3.LN-LN.ERG-PL permission-IND-PST.PFV-CAUS-NEG 3.LM-LM.ERG speech-IND-PST.PFV; They did not let him speak.

Nactlylvh does not use modal verbs like the English can or must. It instead uses combinations of tense, aspect, and mood to communicate the desired meaning. For instance, instead of saying “I can read,” you simply say “I read,” using the present habitual indicative form of read:

Zhemat dlynazudhun zetlylvhyv.: /ˈʒɛɱ.at dlɪn.a.zu.ˈðun zɛk.ˈlɪlf.ɪv/; 1.LN-LN.ERG ear-IND-PRS.HAB death-speech-TN.ABS; I (can) read.

The English modal verb should is usually represented by the desiderative mood:

Thenat bachezun.: /ˈθɛn.at b̪ax.ɛ.ˈzun/; 2.LN-LN.ERG departure-DES-PRS.PFV; You (should) go.

And must is typically replaced by the imperative:

Namah zetrirzun.: /ˈnam.aχ zɛkʁ.iʁ.ˈzun/; 3.LM-LM.ABS death-IMP-PRS.PFV; He (must) die.

Gerunds

Infinitives may function as gerunds. When used as such, they may refer either to general action or specific instances of an action. Gerunds decline by case, inheriting the class of their root noun, and they are stressed according to the rules for nouns—that is, on the penultimate syllable.

Lurzynudh stychazun.: /luʁz.ˈɪn.uð stɪx.a.ˈzun/; lie-INF-DN.ABS stigma-IND-PRS.PFV; Lying is avoided.

Numbers

Nactlylvh uses a duodecimal system (base twelve). This means that while English only uses ten digits (0–9), Nactlylvh uses twelve: 0–9 plus two more, which for convenience will be represented as a and b.

Decimal Digit	Nactlylvh Name	Duodecimal Digit
0	zyc	0
1	zut	1
2	dal	2
3	seth	3
4	chatr	4
5	ezt	5
6	ars	6
7	enr	7
8	avt	8
9	ashn	9
10	evm	a
11	ethn	b
12	lhun	10

Numbers 0–12

Nactdrel, like humans, often count on their fingers, of which the have four on each hand (including thumbs). They then add their two ears, which are characterized by having two points each—one long and one short. Nactdrel ears can move independently, allowing a Nactdrel to raise or lower them in order to indicate the (decimal) numbers nine through twelve. An ear lowered counts just the short point; an ear raised counts both points. An ear in its natural, resting position is not counted at all.

Numbers larger than lhun are formed via concatenation.

Decimal Digit	Nactlylvh Name	Duodecimal Digit
13	lhunzut	11
14	lhundal	12
15	lhunseth	13
16	lhunchatr	14
17	lhunezt	15
18	lhunars	16
19	lhunenr	17
20	lhunavt	18
21	lhunashn	19
22	lhunevm	1a
23	lhunethn	1b
24	dalhun	20
36	sethlhun	30
48	chatlhun	40

Larger Numbers

This method allows numbers up to decimal 143 (ethnlhun-ethn, duodecimal bb). Decimal 144 (duodecimal 100) is formed by compounding zarc (perfection) and lhun, resulting in zarclhun.

God Numbers

In a decimal system, there are ten digits, meaning you can represent ten unique integers before adding a separate digit to the leftmost position (9 > 10, 19 > 20, 999 > 1000 etc.). For the purpose of this discussion, we’ll call these cycles.

In a duodecimal system, you have twelve digits (0–b), resulting in twelve unique integers per cycle.

Nactdrel recognize a set of theoretical integers that exist between every cycle. These integers, called god numbers, have no name and no symbol, and they are skipped over when counting. For convenience, they will be referred to here using the symbol c.

Therefore, in a standard duodecimal system, you would count straight from b to 10. The first god number, c, would appear between these two numbers. The next god number, 1c, would appear between 1b and 20. This continues until you reach bb. At that point, you have a complete cycle of god numbers ranging from c0 to cc before you get to 100.

God numbers are not used in mathematics, but are believed to govern reality; that is, they compose the laws by which mathematics—and all other aspects of physical science—operate. Their “meta” quality puts them beyond the range of mortal tinkering. God numbers have more to do with philosophy and religion than arithmetic.

Fractions

Fractions are formed by suffixing -ash.

English	Nactlylvh
half	dalash
third	sethash
fourth	chatrash
fifth	eztash
sixth	arsash
seventh	enrash
eighth	avtash
ninth	ashnash
tenth	evmash
eleventh	ethnash
twelfth	lhunash

Fractions

Nactlylvh fractions are never used as ordinals like they are in English.

Ordinals

Ordinal forms (first, second, third, etc.) are created by suffixing -ai.

English	Nactlylvh
first	zutai
second	dalai
third	sethai
fourth	chatrai
fifth	eztai
sixth	arsai
seventh	enrai
eighth	avtai
ninth	ashnai
tenth	evmai
eleventh	ethnai
twelfth	lhunai
last	zetrai

Ordinal Numbers

Note that the ordinal “last” is derived not from a number, but from zetr (death).

Ordinal forms are never used for fractions like they are in English.

Numbers as Nouns

When used as nouns, only the cardinal numbers zero through four and twelve decline by case.

Dalar drelazen syylvnenazhi-za.: /ˈdal.aʁ dʁɛl.a.ˈzɛn sɪːlv.nɛn.ˈa.ʒi za/; two-LM.ERG child-IND-PRS.PROG tree-place-LOC the.LN; Two (boys) are playing in the woods.
Ars drelazen syylvnenazhi-za.: /aʁs dʁɛl.a.ˈzɛn sɪːlv.nɛn.ˈa.ʒi za/; six child-IND-PRS.PROG tree-place-LOC the.LN; Six are playing in the woods.

Numbers can take plural inflections in rare situations, such as referring to all of the threes in a deck of cards.

Clevocuzen thenat sethyvu-vrym?: /klɛv.o̞.ku.ˈzɛn ˈθɛn.at ˈsɛθ.ɪv.u vʁɪɱ/; possession-INT-PRS.PROG 2.LN-LN.ERG three-TN.ABS-PL any.TN-PL; Do you have any threes?

When used as pronouns, numbers take the class of their referent.

Numbers as Counters

When used to count things, as in “five swords,” the number follows the noun without undergoing any inflection.

zebru ezt: /ˈzɛb̪ʁ.u ɛzt/; sword-PL five; five swords

Note that only nouns can take determiners. Articles and demonstratives are never applied to counters.

zebru-zum ezt: /ˈzɛb̪ʁ.u zuɱ ɛzt/; sword-PL the.DN-PL five; the five swords

Compound Words

When concatenating two or more roots to form a new word, one root acts as a base while the others act as modifiers. Modifiers are placed before the base during concatenation.

nactr: /naktʁ/; night (modifier)
lylvh: /lɪlf/; speech (base)
Nactlylvh: /ˈnakt.lɪlf/; Night-Speech

Once the roots are concatenated, the resulting word is modified to adhere to Nactlylvh phonotactics.

Common bases include:

-nen: place (e.g., syylvnen, tree-place, forest)
-uz: doer (e.g., curuz, something that carries, bearer)
-thir: building (e.g., crynthir, royal-building, palace)
-zhect: thing (e.g., drelzhect, child-thing, toy)

Certain modifiers and bases can only appear as part of a compound word. Most prominent of these are:

t(a)-: life modifier, high, large, positive, etc. (e.g., talhethyn, stand)
m(y)-: time modifier, middle, average, neutral, etc. (e.g., mylhethyn, sit)
z(u)-: death modifier, low, small, negative, etc. (e.g., zulhethyn, lie)

The parenthasized vowels above are only included if the root begins with a consonant.

Syntax

Word Order

Sentence Order

The default order for sentences is subject-object-verb (SOV). However, Nactlylvh supports free sentence order.

Surprisingly, classical Nactlylvh is more lenient than neo Nactlylvh in this regard. A speaker is likely to garner funny looks if he plays around with sentence order too much in a neo community. This is most likely because other languages have more rigid guidelines on this point.

Phrase Order

Nactlylvh is a head-first language. More precisely:

Noun or verb
Determiners
Adjective-ish things
Subordinate clauses

Phrase order is not quite as flexible as sentence order, but there is still some freedom.

Be aware that while you can arrange multiple subordinate clauses however you want, having more than one modifying the same head can get confusing. Good style dictates that you include only one, and if you need to convey more information, break it out into another sentence.

Emphasis through Order

Free word order allows a great deal of nuance. In Nactlylvh, emphasis is placed on the first and last things mentioned, with the last receiving the most attention.

Note that emphasis is not the only reason to choose a particular arrangement. Personal style is also a factor.

Deletions

Generally, redundant components of a sentence can be removed. This goes for verbs…

Umvrud-zu thenath maruvi chynvazen, lhunlhirud-zu zulhudh-the.: /ˈuɱvʁ.ud zu ˈθɛn.aθ ɱaʁ.ˈu.vi xɪnv.a.ˈzɛn l̥un.ˈl̥iʁ.ud zu ˈzul̥.uð θɛ/; darkness-DN.ERG the.DN 2.LN-LN.ABS physical.matter-GEN essence-IND-PRS.PROG / moon-light-DN.ERG the.DN spirit-DN.ABS 2.LN; The darkness forms your material self, the moonlight your spirit.

…objects…

Lhunlhirud-zu havryv czhurazun, umvrud-zu vhezazun.: /l̥un.ˈl̥iʁ.ud zu zu ˈχavʁ.ɪv kʒuʁ.a.ˈzun ˈuɱvʁ.ud zu fɛz.a.ˈzun/; moon-light-DN.ERG the.DN power-TN.ABS creation-IND-PRS.PFV / darkness-DN.ERG the.DN guide-IND-PRS.PFV; The moonlight generates power, the darkness channels it.

…and subjects:

Zhemat bachabet crynthiravtre-zy set tyrzilh-zi clutabet.: /ˈʒɛɱ.at b̪ax.a.ˈb̪ɛt kʁɪn.θiʁ.ˈavt.ʁɛ zɪ sɛt tɪʁz.il̥ zi klut.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 1.LN-LN.ERG departure-IND-PST.PFV monarch-building-LAT the.TN and queen-LF.ABS the.LF eye-IND-PST.PFV; I went to the palace and saw the queen.

Imperative sentences can omit the subject if the subject is present and being addressed directly, as in English.

Lylvhirzun!: /lɪlf.iʁ.ˈzun/; speech-IMP-PRS.PFV; Speak!

If the command is not being given directly (i.e., third-person subjects), the subject is required.

Namatu lylvhirnuv.: /naɱ.ˈat.u lɪlf.iʁ.ˈnuv/; 3.LN-LN.ERG-PL speech-IMP-FUT.PFV; They will speak.

In cases where English requires a dummy subject such as it, Nactlylvh can simply omit the subject entirely.

Uvluvazen.: /uv.luv.a.ˈzɛn/; grief-water-IND-PRS.PROG; It’s raining.

Adjectives

Nactlylvh does not have adjectives or adverbs in the sense to which English speakers are accustomed. Descriptives are instead formed by the nominal case system.

This can require a shift in thinking. In Nactlylvh, there is no way to literally translate “dark night”. Instead, you can say:

nactr umvruvi: /naktʁ uɱvʁ.ˈu.vi/; night darkness-GEN; night of darkness
nactr umvravca: /naktʁ uɱvʁ.ˈav.ka/; night darkness-EQV; night like darkness
nactrudh umvrazuun: /ˈnaktʁ.uð uɱvʁ.a.ˈzuːn/; night-DN.ABS darkness-IND-PRS.COMPL; night has darkened
nactrudh yrsazen umvrulai: /ˈnaktʁ.uð ɪʁs.a.ˈzɛn uɱvʁ.ˈu.lai/; night-DN.ABS abundance-IND-PRS.PROG darkness-INS; night is filled with darkness
nactr umvrulai: /naktʁ uɱvʁ.ˈu.lai/; night darkness-INS; night with darkness

Once you’ve trained your brain in this manner of paraphrase, you’ll find many combinations of verb and case to express any concept. The examples above are just a few possible methods. Some are considered more elegant than others, and some are common enough to receive their own entry in the lexicon. Even though Nactlylvh doesn’t have a formal adjective class, for convenience adjective-ish words will be labeled as such in the lexicon.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions may connect individual words, phrases, or complete sentences. Unless stated otherwise, the order of the connected elements doesn’t matter.

Conjunction	English Equivalent	Meaning
yl	and	Elements on either side are treated as a single unit
das	except, but not	Elements on the right are excluded, creates exceptions to general statements
set	and, then	Creates chronological sequences or complex sentences
yr	and/or	One or more of the linked arguments can be true at the same time
elc	either-or	Only one of the linked arguments can be true
ub	if-then	if the statement on one side is true, the other is also true
du	but, however, if not for, otherwise	If the statement on one side is true, the other is false
uvn	therefore, so	The first statement causes the second
nvu	because, as a result of	The second statement causes the first
zhra	also, too, as well	Emphasizes similarity between arguments; the argument being compared against may be omitted
dhu	for, to, for the purpose of, in order to	The second statement is the purpose or reason for the first
ndhu	for, to, for the purpose of, in order to	The first statement is the purpose or reason for the second

Conjunctions

Nimil yl zhamar zletabet nactruri-zu.: /ˈniɱ.il ɪl ˈʒaɱ.aʁ zlɛt.a.ˈb̪ɛt naktʁ.ˈu.ʁi zu/; 3.LF-LF.ERG and 1.LM-LM.ERG dance-IND-PST.PFV night-PRL the.DN; She and I danced through the night.
Namar nzecrabet zhetathu-tram das zhasnilh-zi.: /ˈnaɱ.aʁ nzɛkʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt ʒɛt.ˈa.θu tʁaɱ das ˈʒasn.il̥ zi/; 3.LM-LM.ERG murder-IND-PST.PFV person-LN.ABS-PL every.LN except princess-LF.ABS the.LF; He killed everyone except the princess.
Namar crynthiryv-zy nlysabet set myrcabet tvhelazhim-zem.: /ˈnaɱ.aʁ kʁɪn.ˈθiʁ.ɪv zɪ nlɪs.a.ˈb̪ɛt sɛt ɱɪʁk.a.ˈb̪ɛt tfɛl.ˈa.ʒiɱ zɛɱ/; 3.LM-LM.ERG monarch-building-TN.ABS the.TN destruction-IND-PST.PFV then veil-IND-PST.PFV mountain.LOC-PL the.LN-PL; He destroyed the palace, then hid in the mountains.
Zhimilh zetrubet du thanar zhimilh risabet.: /ˈʒiɱ.il̥ zɛkr.u.ˈb̪ɛt du ˈθan.aʁ ˈʒiɱ.il̥ ʁis.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 1.LF-LF.ABS death-MET-PST.PFV but 2p.LM-LM.ERG 1.LF-LF.ABS rescue-IND-PST.PFV; I fear I would have died, but you saved me.

Subordination

Nactlylvh has no formal process for subordination. Sentences are merely concatenated as below:

Namar tzevdah-za nzecrabet, nymyb zhemathu macvrabet.: /ˈnaɱ.aʁ ˈtzɛvd.aχ za nzɛkʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt ˈnɪɱ.ɪb̪ ʒɛɱ.ˈa.θu ɱakvɾ.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 3.LM-LM.ERG king-LM.ABS murder-IND-PST.PFV / 3.TN-TN.ERG 1.LN-LN.ABS-PL shock-IND-PST.PFV; That he killed the king was a surprise.

Questions

At their simplest, questions may be formed through intonation alone. This, however, relies heavily on context and understanding between speakers.

Questions may be marked more clearly by using the interrogative verbal mood. The verb is often moved to the front of the sentence to signal the question as early as possible, but this is not required.

Clutocuzuun thenat lelilh-zhe?: /klut.o̞.ku.ˈzuːn ˈθɛn.at ˈlɛl.il̥ ʒɛ/; eye-INT-PRS.COMPL 2.LN-LN.ERG daughter-LF.ABS 1.LN; Have you seen my daughter?

Query pronouns may be used to ask more open questions that prompt answers beyond yes or no.

Clutocubet thenat lelilh-zhe cunenazhi?: /klut.o̞.ku.ˈb̪ɛt ˈθɛn.at ˈlɛl.il̥ ʒɛ ku.nɛn.ˈa.ʒi/; eye-INT-PST.PFV 2.LN-LN.ERG daughter-LF.ABS 1.LN Q-place-LOC; Where did you see my daughter?

Yes & No

When the nouns sav and haz are used to answer a yes/no question, they don’t decline by case. They may be made plural, however, to answer multiple questions at once. For example: Did you buy the book?

Sav.: /sav/; yes; Yes.

Did you read it and write a review?

Hazu.: /ˈχaz.u/; no-PL; No. (to both)

Comparisons

The standard construction for comparative sentences, where x’s quality is being compared against y’s, looks like this:

x dazhyn quality y

X always takes the absolutive case. Quality takes the instrumental case if x’s is equal to or greater than y’s, or the privative case otherwise. Y takes the aversive case unless both are equal, in which case it takes the equative case. The verb dazhyn (“to compare”) will conjugate as appropriate, and it may be replaced with one of its more specific derivatives (tadazhyn, mydazhyn, zudazhyn) depending on how x measures up.

Zulhudh-na tadazhazen umvrulai nactresdre.: /ˈzul̥.uð na ta.daʒ.a.ˈzɛn uɱvʁ.ˈu.lai naktʁ.ˈɛsd.ʁɛ/; soul-DN.ABS 3.LM L-comparison-IND-PRS.PROG darkness-INS night-AVS; His soul is blacker than night.
Radah-nem mydazhazen tazedulai syylvavca.: /ˈʁad.aχ nɛɱ ɱɪ.daʒ.a.ˈzɛn ta.zɛt.ˈu.lai sɪːlv.ˈavk.a/; son-LM.ABS 3p.LN-PL T-comparison-IND-PRS.PROG L-height-INS tree-EQV; Their son is as tall as a tree.

The order of the elements can be changed of course, although care should be taken to avoid confusion.

Comparative sentences don’t necessarily need to include a y to compare against, assuming the y is known or unimportant.

Radah-zha tadazhazen tazedulai.: /ˈʁad.aχ ʒa ta.daʒ.a.ˈzɛn ta.zɛt.ˈu.lai/; son-LM.ABS 1.LM L-comparison-IND-PRS.PROG L-height-INS; My son is taller.

Causatives

There are a couple ways to form causative sentences. The first is with the causative verbal mood.

When two verbs appear in a clause, and one of them is in the causative mood, the causative verb instigates the other. Free word order is slightly restricted; the causative verb must be immediately preceeded by its subject (unless the subject is omitted). Both the “causer” and the “causee” take the ergative case.

Zhamar belthabetel nimil bachabet.: /ˈʒaɱ.aʁ b̪ɛlθ.a.b̪ɛt.ˈɛl ˈniɱ.il b̪ax.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 1.LM-LM.ERG permission-IND-PST.PFV-CAUS 3.LF-LF.ERG departure-IND-PST.PFV; I let her go.

Another way is to use the conjunctions dhu or ndhu. These create (and allow) more complicated sentences, but preserve free word order.

Zhamar nimilh belthabet dhu nimil bachabet.: /ˈʒaɱ.aʁ ˈniɱ.il̥ b̪ɛlθ.a.ˈb̪ɛt ðu ˈniɱ.il b̪ax.a.ˈb̪ɛt/; 1.LM-LM.ERG 3.LF-LF.ABS permission-IND-PST.PFV to 3.LF-LF.ERG departure-IND-PST.PFV; I let her go.

Semantics

Kinship Terms

Nactlylvh has direct translations for parent, child, sibling, and spouse, and their gender-specific equivalents. Beyond that, however, the vocabulary is limited, and relies on inflection or phrases.

The first generation each of grandparents and grandchildren are handled by augmenting parent and child, respectively.

English	Nactlylvh
grandparent	zeesht
grandchild	dreel

Grandparents and Grandchildren

After that, ancestor and descendant are combined with ordinal numbers to create great-grandparents and great-grandchildren. Note that the first of each is just parent and child, and the second is grandparent and grandchild, so the ordinals actually start with third.

English	Nactlylvh
great-grandparent	duthzhet sethai (third ancestor)
great-great-grandparent	duthzhet chatrai (fourth ancestor)
great-grandchild	narzhet sethai (third descendent)
great-great-grandchild	narzhet chatrai (fourth descendent)

Great-Grandparents and Great-Grandchildren

Uncle, aunt, nephew, and niece relationships use hyphenated parent and sibling genetives. The hyphen removes ambiguity when saying “my uncle”, which might otherwise result in a confusing double genetive. Note that the non-genetive word in each example should inflect by case as appropriate.

English	Nactlylvh
uncle	vredh-zeshtuvi (parent’s brother)
aunt	nys-zeshtuvi (parent’s sister)
nephew	rad-nysuvi (sibling’s son)
niece	lel-nysuvi (sibling’s daughter)

Uncles, Aunts, Nephews, and Nieces

Inlaws are formed similarly:

English	Nactlylvh
father-in-law	zurdh-cenzuvi (spouse’s father)
mother-in-law	zelt-cenzuvi (spouse’s mother)
son-in-law	cval-dreluvi (child’s husband)
daughter-in-law	darl-dreluvi (child’s wife)

Inlaws

Greetings & Partings

The most basic openers and closers in Nactlylvh simply repurpose the vocative forms of let (meeting) and tyrn (parting). More complex forms exist. For greetings:

Zhemat thenath clutazun.: /ˈʒɛɱ.at ˈθɛn.aθ klut.a.ˈzun/; 1.LN-LN.ERG 2.LN-LN.ABS eye-IND-PRS.PFV; I see you.

And for partings:

Du Zeltul rivanuv.: /du ˈzɛlt.ul ʁiv.a.ˈnuv/; unless Mother-DF.ERG harvest-IND-FUT.PFV; Unless Mother reaps.

This can be shortened to du Zeltul (“unless Mother”).

For more formal or heartfelt partings, you may use:

Thenanai nactrudhu imvrenur set dhrymudhu lhirenur set lhunudh-zu zynthenur.: /θɛn.ˈa.nai naktʁ.ˈuð.u iɱvʁ.ɛ.ˈnuʁ sɛt ðʁɪɱ.ˈuð.u l̥iʁ.ɛ.ˈnuʁ sɛt ˈl̥un.uð zu zɪnθ.ɛ.ˈnuʁ/; 2.LN-ANT night-DN.ABS-PL clarity-DES-FUT.PROG and star-DN.ABS-PL light-DES-FUT.PROG and moon-DN.ABS the.DN fullness-DES-FUT.PROG; May the nights be clear, the stars bright, and the moon full above you.

A shorter version may be used instead by omitting elements (the night, the stars, or the moon).

Personal Names

Classical Nactdrel names are often, though not always, derived from vocative nouns by applying a gender-based suffix.

Male: -ar, -im
Female: -iel, -res

A name may also be formed by reassigning a noun’s class to that of the bearer. And of course, a word may be appropriated unmodified for use as a name.

It is not uncommon for a name to be completely unique. A common word may be modified to suit the namer’s taste, or the name may be invented without any etymology at all. The only guideline for invented names in classical Nactlylvh is that it must conform to the language’s phonological rules.

Neo Nactlylvh names are far more varied, since they often adopt names and terms from other languages, and there is no rule against violating Nactlylvh’s phonology.

A Nactdrel is typically named twice during its life, once at birth (birth name) and again to mark a defining accomplishment (accolade). Birth names may be arbitrary, or they may carry special significance. Accolades always signify the accomplishment for which they are given.

If a Nactdrel’s birth name and accolade are used together, the birth name comes first, followed immediately by the accolade.

Some notable examples:

Vreith Nactzvhiir (Hope Nightstorm)
Naactres Nactyyrz (Lady of Pure Night, High Queen of the Night)
Nezachim (Evil Prince)
Zetres (Lady of Death)

Geographic Landmarks

In Nactlylvh, things like mountains and rivers may be named by case nouns (remember that most proper nouns don’t take articles).

Tvhelu Zulhuvim: /ˈtfɛl.u zul̥.ˈu.viɱ/; mountain-PL ghost-GEN-PL; the Ghost Mountains

Countries, cities, and towns on the other hand are usually named by compounding.

Dreldhyn: /ˈdʁɛl.ðɪn/; child-land; Land of the Children
Eboth: /ˈɛb̪.o̞θ/; new.moon-home; Home of the New Moon

Time

Flow

In Nactdrel culture, time flows downward from life to death. Therefore, rather than moving backward or forward in time, you move up or down. Up is the past, and down is the future.

Lunar Divisions

It should come as no surprise that “Night-Children” who communicate in “Night-Speech” use a lunar calendar. The moon is an important religious symbol to the Nactdrel. It represents, among other things, the eye of Zetres, their goddess. Therefore, the major divisions of time revolve around the metaphor of an eye or face.

Division	Nactlylvh	English
day	bven	glance
month	lhas	blink
year	naudh	nod

Lunar Divisions of Time

The exact duration of a measurement varies from world to world, but on the Nactdrel’s home planet of Yrys, there are (roughly):

26 hours in a lunar day
39 days in a lunar month
13 months in a lunar year

Nactdrel do not acknowledge a “week” unit.

Seasons

In English, we’re accustomed to seasons being described by a metaphor of life and death (e.g., summer = life, winter = death). This metaphor is used by the Nactdrel as well, except they tie it to the power of their goddess of death.

Season	Nactlylvh	English
Spring	Ven-Nu	Her Waning
Summer	Nadr-Nu	Her Nadir
Autumn	Vecs-Nu	Her Waxing
Winter	Zyth-Nu	Her Zenith

Seasons

Colors

English has six “main” colors into which we sort an infinite number of hues: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple. Nactlylvh sorts colors similarly, and has direct translations for our main English colors. However, the specifics of how colors are sorted are slightly different.

We generally think of cyan as the dividing line between green and blue, but a Nactdrel would draw that line closer to green. While we usually sort teal, aquamarine, and turquoise in the “green” bucket, a Nactdrel instead lumps them together under “blue”.

This shift is fairly consistent around the color wheel. Basically, you can think of the Nactdrel color wheel as being rotated several degrees negatively to our own.

	Red	Orange	Yellow	Green	Blue	Purple
English
Nactlylvh

Colors

Military Ranks

Nactdrel military forces are organized according to the metaphor of a torso. The smallest division is called a finger, and from there the ranks ascend through the hand, the arm, and the chest.

Rank	Commands a…	Division consists of…
vulruz	-	-
lhunzenr	moct	12 vulruzu
chatzenr	chatr	2–4 moctu (24–48 vulruzu)
durzenr	dur	2–4 chatru (48–192 vulruzu)
delvzenr	delv	2–4 duru (96–768 vulruzu)
zarczenr	cuthr	2+ delvu (192+ vulruzu)

Military Ranks

As the numbers above indicate, Nactdrel typically maintain small armies. However, Nactdrel are exceptionally skilled and can augment their abilities with magic. A small Nactdrel force can be just as formidable as another army several times its size.

Idioms

Zeltul uvrazen.: /ˈzɛlt.ul uvʁ.a.ˈzɛn/; Mother-DF.ERG grief-INDPRS.PROG; Mother grieves.; It’s raining.

Mother refers to the Nactdrel goddess Zetres. The raindrops represent her tears.

Pragmatics

Pragmatic Markers

English contains a wide array of utterances that help to guide the flow of conversation, for example: uh, oh, well, OK, right?, hm, etc.

These are almost entirely absent in classical Nactlylvh. Nactdrel speech is characteristically uncluttered, and aided by a deep racial understanding even between strangers.

Neo Nactlylvh, spoken largely by other races, has adopted several markers.

Marker	English Equivalents	Meaning
y	uh, um, hm	expresses uncertainty, signals a moment of thought
sa	right, alright, yeah, OK	expresses agreement or pleasure
cha	ugh, yeah right, puh, uh-uh, yuck, ew	expresses disagreement or distaste
o	and you?, well?, right?, yeah?	prompts a response
ue	ah, oh, uh-huh	expresses acknowledgement, prompts continuation
mvu	so yeah, there it is	signals completion of a thought, surrenders control of conversation
reu	so, now, by the way	changes the subject, introduces a long turn

Pragmatic Markers

Namah clystazen…y…Vreith.: /ˈnaɱ.aχ klɪst.a.ˈzɛn ɪ vʁɛiθ/; 3.LM-LM.ABS name-IND-PRS.PROG uh Vreith; His name is…uh…Vreith.
Zhemat cryvtudh-zu zcurazen, o?: /ˈʒɛɱ.at ˈkʁɪvt.uð zu zkuʁ.a.ˈzɛn o̞/; 1.LN-LN.ERG cold.DN.ABS the.DN preference-IND-PRS.PROG what.about.you; I like the cold. You?
Zletudh-zu zetrabet, mvu.: /ˈzlɛt.uð zu zɛkʁ.a.b̪ɛt ɱvu/; battle-DN.ABS the.DN death-IND-PST.PFV the.end; The battle ended, and that was that.

Politeness

To a Nactdrel, politeness is tied closely with honesty. Amusingly, this often makes them appear rude in other cultures where flattery is preferred to bluntness.

There is also a tendency toward reticence; as a rule, Nactdrel will say no more than what must be said. This is related to politeness (not wanting to waste the listener’s time), but it also touches on several other facets of Nactdrel culture, such as their racial melancholia and deep understanding of each other.

Tone of voice plays a large role in Nactdrel manners. As has been mentioned before, Nactlylvh voicing and stress are subtle. As a rule, loud, strongly emphasized speech is a sign of disrespect. This is relative; the threshold between politeness and rudeness is lowest amongst Nactdrel, who are naturally soft-spoken, and higher amongst the generally louder neo Nactlylvh speakers.

Nactlylvh has no equivalent to the English please and thank you. The closest you can get to making a polite request is to substitute the strong imperative mood with the weaker desiderative (or occasionally the metutive) while speaking in a slightly higher, softer voice with a rising intonation. Grattitude is typically expressed through actions and demeanor rather than words (although chmersyn can be translated as to thank, it is almost never used directly as it is in English).

Registers

Nactlylvh has several registers organized by degree of formality.

The familiar register is used between friends. It is standard Nactlylvh, but with a lot of room for sloppy grammar. Most notably, this is the only level where given names are regularly used.

The formal register is used when speaking to one whose authority, power, or honor are lower than or equal to your own, but with whom you are not closely acquainted. It is very similar to the familiar level, except proper grammar is more closely observed, and accolades are preferred over given names. The unshortened forms of the complex greetings and partings are preferred.

The honorific register is used when speaking to someone above you in authority, power, or honor. Proper grammar is strictly observed, and given names are never used. The imperative mood is completely eschewed in favor of either the desiderative or metutive. The honorific second-person pronoun ve replaces the standard the. In this level, the default SOV sentence order is more common, only being altered for particular emphasis.

The honorific register bleeds into the others with regard to pronouns. The familiar and formal registers still use the honorific pronouns when speaking about a third party whose status warrants it.

Note that the registers are chosen based on the speaker’s relationship to the listener. In a conversation between a peasant and a king, the peasant would speak in the honorific register, while the king would use the formal register. When speaking to a group of mixed or unknown status, use the highest appropriate register.

The familiar register can sometimes override the honorific register. If the king and peasant were good friends, either of them might use the familiar register, although manners would dictate that the king initiate its use.

The divine register is used exclusively for religious contexts, especially public prayers. It is identical to the honorific register, except no reference to the listener (i.e., the deity) is ever spoken, be it a name, title, or pronoun.

Sample Passages

Let Dreluvi

The “Child’s Welcome” was first spoken by Naactres Nactyyrz to Vreith Nactzvhiir. It has since become a tradition to recite this passage to all newborn Nactdrel. Note in the last line how free word order is used to create a poetic symmetry, emphasizing and linking the verbs mourn and heal.

Dyvyv methirzun drelat: thenath zutazenach.: /ˈdɪv.ɪv ɱɛθ.iʁ.ˈzun ˈdʁɛl.at ˈθɛn.aθ zutʁ.a.zɛn.ˈax/; this.TN-TN.ABS knowledge-IMP-PRS.PFV child-LN.ERG / 2.LN-LN.ABS loneliness-IND-PRS.PROG-NEG; Know this, child: you are not alone.
Uvrud thenath nauthazen; nomud nauthazen zhemathu-tram uvn zhemathu azrabet Zeltul-zhem, numul uvrazen zetrashai.: /ˈuvʁ.ud ˈθɛn.aθ nɒθ.a.ˈzɛn ˈno̞ɱ.ud nɒθ.a.ˈzɛn ʒɛɱ.ˈaθ.u tʁaɱ uvn ʒɛɱ.ˈaθ.u azʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt ˈzɛlt.ul ʒɛɱ ˈnuɱ.ul uvʁ.a.ˈzɛn zɛkr.ˈa.ʃai/; grief-DN.ERG 2.LN-LN.ABS consumption-IND-PRS.PROG / 3.DN-DN.ERG consumption-IND-PRS.PROG 1.LN-PL-LN.ABS-PL all.LN because 1.LN-PL-LN.ABS-PL life-IND-PST.PFV Mother-DF.ERG 1.LN-PL / 3.DF-DF.ERG grief-IND-PRS.PROG death-PRIV; Grief consumes you; it consumes us all, for we are children of our mother, who grieves without end.
Uvrazun zhematu yldulai yl yldulai zhemathu havnazun.: /uvʁ.a.ˈzun ʒɛɱ.ˈat.u ɪld.ˈu.lai ɪl ɪld.ˈu.lai ʒɛɱ.ˈaθ.u χavn.a.ˈzun/; grief-IND-PRS.PFV 1.LN-LN.ERG-PL connection-INS and connection-INS 1.LN-LN.ABS-PL healing-IND-PRS.PFV; We mourn together, and together we heal.

Hech Nezachimuvi

Tradition asserts that when the slain god Nezachim had recovered enough power to once again influence the world, certain individuals of a particularly sensative nature “heard” a terrible voice. Their reports coalesced into the “Curse of Nezachim”, the words spoken by the evil prince as he began his war against all living things.

Note the use of the time-neuter pronouns when Nezachim addresses both Father and Mother together. This is because Nezachim’s father, being a god of life, belongs to the life-masculine class, while his mother, the Nactdrel goddess of death, belongs to the death-feminine. Since the audience is a group of mixed class in both domain and gender, you takes the vague time-neuter class.

Also note the class change that occurs in the fifth line: radar is life-masculine, but the related pronoun naumur is death-masculine. The change from life to death is because the first clause is in the past tense, when Nezachim was still alive; the second clause is future tense, after Nezachim was “cast down”.

Curuzyvu-zym mazuvi-zhau mutirnuv zvhirudhu-zum Zvhirieluvi, luvazrudhu-zum Luvieluvi azruzyvu-zym chazruvi-zhau.: /kuʁ.uz.ˈɪv.u zɪɱ ɱaz.ˈu.vi ʒɒ ɱut.iʁ.ˈnuv zfiʁ.ˈuð.u zuɱ zfiʁ.iɛl.ˈu.vi luv.azʁ.ˈuð.u zuɱ luv.iɛl.ˈu.vi azʁ.uz.ˈɪv.u zɪɱ xazʁ.ˈu.vi ʒɒ/; burden-doer-TN.ABS-PL the.TN-PL sickness-GEN 1.DM change-IMP-FUT.PFV air-DN.ABS-PL the.DN-PL Zvhiriel-GEN / water-birth-DN.ABS-PL the.DN-PL Luviel-GEN birth-doer-TN.ABS-PL the.TN-PL venom-GEN 1.DM; Make Zfiriel’s currents the bearer of my plague, Luviel’s springs the source of my venom.
Schashatu-zam Verushimuvi nauthanuv vrytath-nem set Raicalimat racanuv bemathu-nem.: /sxaʃ.ˈat.u zaɱ vɛʁ.uʃ.iɱ.ˈu.vi nɒθ.a.ˈnuv ˈvʁɪt.aθ nɛɱ sɛt ʁaik.al.ˈiɱ.at ʁak.a.ˈnuv b̪ɛɱ.ˈaθ.u nɛɱ/; fire-LN.ERG-PL the.LN-PL Verushim-GEN consumption-IND-FUT.PFV flesh-LN.ABS 3.LN-PL and Raicalim earth-IND-FUT.PFV bone-LN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL; Verushim’s flames shall devour their flesh, and Raicalim shall bury their bones.
Vhlurudhu-nem dlynirzun Zurdhar darthashai!: /fluʁ.ˈuð.u nɛɱ dlɪn.iʁ.ˈzun ˈzuʁð.aʁ daʁθ.ˈa.ʃai/; cry-DN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL ear-IMP-PRS.PFV Father-LN.ERG compassion-PRIV; Hear their cries, loveless Father!
Zeltul nvychuzhai clutirzun, thunul nymyv cetabet nemesdrem!: /ˈzɛlt.ul nvɪx.ˈu.ʒai klut.iʁ.ˈzun ˈθun.ul ˈnɪɱ.ɪv kɛt.a.ˈb̪ɛt nɛɱ.ˈɛesd.ʁɛɱ/; Mother-DF.ERG treachery-CAUS eye-IMP-PRS.PFV / 2.DF-DF.ERG 3.TN-TN.ABS action-IND-PST.PFV 3.LN-PRIV-PL; Treacherous Mother, see to what thou hast subjected them!
Thynybu radah-thym zutai nlysabet uvn naumur revnath-za dreluvim-thym chyvtanuv shynavtre zetrashai.: /θɪn.ˈɪb̪.u ˈʁad.aχ θɪɱ ˈzutʁ.ai nlɪs.a.ˈb̪ɛt uvn ˈnɒɱ.uʁ ˈɾɛvn.aθ za dʁɛl.ˈu.viɱ θɪɱ xɪvt.a.ˈnuv ʃɪn.ˈavt.ʁɛ zɛkr.ˈa.ʃai/; 2.TN-TN.ERG-PL son-LM.ABS 2.TN-PL loneliness-ORD destruction-IND-PST.PFV / so 3.DM-DM.ERG remainder-LN.ABS the.LN child-GEN-PL 2.TN-PL drag-IND-FUT.PFV pain-LAT death-PRIV; Thou casteth down thy firstborn; now he shall drag the rest of thy children into eternal anguish.
Vyscrathu-nem drelanur dreludu-zhau, curnathu-nem hedhranur dreludu-zhau.: /vɪscʁ.ˈaθ.u nɛɱ dɾɛl.a.ˈnuʁ dʁɛl.ˈud.u ʒɒ kuʁn.ˈaθ.u nɛɱ χɛðʁ.a.ˈnuʁ dʁɛl.ˈud.u ʒɒ/; entrail-LN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL child-IND-FUT.PROG child-DN.ERG-PL 1.DM / skin-LN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL cloak-IND-FUT.PROG child-DN.ERG-PL 1.DM; Their entrails shall be the playthings of my children, their skin my offspring’s cloaks.
Set zulhudhu-nem…zulhudhu-nem zhaumur rezanuv, drethzulhudh-zum umvrabet, nomudu vescanuv thynesdrem zetrurzi zhetuvim-tram.: /sɛt zul̥.ˈuð.u nɛɱ zul̥.ˈuð.u nɛɱ ˈʒɒɱ.uʁ ʁɛz.a.ˈnuv dʁɛθ.ˈzul̥.uð zuɱ uɱvʁ.a.ˈb̪ɛt no̞ɱ.ˈud.u vɛsk.a.ˈnuv θɪn.ˈɛsd.ʁɛɱ zɛkʁ.ˈuʁ.zi ʒɛt.ˈu.viɱ tʁaɱ/; and soul-DN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL / soul-DN.ABS-PL 3.LN-PL 1.DM-DM.ERG victory-IND-FUT.PFV / horror-ghost-DN.ABS the.DN-PL darkness-IND-PST.PFV / 3.DN-DN.ERG-PL arrival-IND-FUT.PFV 2.TN-AVS-PL death-POST person-GEN-PL every.LN-PL; And their souls…their souls shall be my trophies, the blackened ghosts that come for thee when everyone else is dead.

Lexicon

This lexicon is organized alphabetically according to English conventions. Although Nactlylvh treats digraphs like ch and oe as single letters, they are sorted below as if they were two separate letters, as in English (e.g., orb comes after oedr).

A

ach: /ax/; noun, DN; farthest point, apogee
adhl: /aðl/; noun, LN; island
ars: /aʁs/; number; six
arsai: /ˈaʁs.ai/; noun, adjective; sixth (ordinal)
arsash: /ˈaʁs.aʃ/; noun; sixth (fraction)
ashn: /aʃn/; number; nine
ashnai: /ˈaʃn.ai/; noun, adjective; ninth (ordinal)
ashnash: /ˈaʃn.aʃ/; noun; ninth (fraction)
ast: /ast/; noun, DN; punishment, penalty
astubai: /ast.ˈu.b̪ai/; adjective; punitive
astyn: /ˈast.ɪn/; verb; punish, penalize
asv: /ˈasv/; noun, DN; breathing action
asvlylvh: /ˈasv.lɪlf/; noun, DN; whisper
asvlylvhulai: /asv.lɪlf.ˈu.lai/; adjective; whispered
asvlylvhuzhai: /asv.lɪlf.ˈu.ʒai/; adjective; whispering
asvlylvhyn: verb; whisper
asvyn: verb; breathe
ath: noun, DN; strangeness, unfamiliarity, unknown
athuvi: adjective; strange, unfamiliar, unknown
athyn: verb; make or become strange or unknown
avt: number; eight
avtai: noun, adjective; eighth (ordinal)
avtash: noun; eighth (fraction)
azh: noun, TN; angelic spirit
azhriv: noun, DN; harvesting/summoning angel, angel of death
azr: noun, LN; life, beginning, start, origin, source
Azrim: noun, LM; the Nactdrel god of life
azrulai: adjective; alive
azruz: noun, TN; originator, catalyst, something or someone that starts something
azruzhai: adjective; life-giving
azryn: verb; give or come to life, begin, start, give birth, be born

B

bach: noun, DN; departure, exit
bachyn: verb; go, leave, depart, exit
bact: noun, TN; bag, sack, pocket, pouch
bactyn: verb; place in a bag or pouch
bash: noun, LN; orange color
bashulai: adjective; orange
bashyn: verb; make or become orange
bathr: noun, LN; preparation, readiness
bathrulai: adjective; prepared, ready
bathryn: verb; prepare, make ready
becht: noun, TN; payment, exchange, trade, purchase, sale
bechtnen: noun, TN; store, shop, market
bechtyn: verb; pay, exchange, trade, buy, purchase, sell
belth: noun, LN; permission, allowance
belthulai: adjective; permitted, allowed
belthuzhai: adjective; permissive
belthyn: verb; permit, allow
bem: noun, LN; bone
bemulai: adjective; bony
ben: noun, DN; wildness, volatility, unpredictability
benulai: adjective; wild, volatile, unpredictable, untrustworthy
benyn: verb; behave wildly, erratically, or unreliably
betr: noun, TN; touch, physical contact
betrulai: adjective; touching
betryn: verb; touch, feel (physical matter)
bled: noun, TN; calling, summons
bledulai: adjective; called, summoned
bledyn: verb; call, summon
blet: noun, DN; prison, dungeon, jail, captivity
bletulai: adjective; imprisoned, captive
bletuz: noun, LN; captor, jailer
bletyn: adjective; imprison, hold captive
brecr: noun, DN; seizure, claim
brecryn: verb; take, claim, seize, grab
brich: noun, LN; closest point, perigee
brum: noun, TN; request, plea, prayer
brun: noun, DN; purple color
brunulai: adjective; purple
brunyn: verb; make or become purple
brumyn: verb; request, plead, pray, beg
brush: noun, LN; embrace, hug, hold
brushyn: verb; embrace, hug, hold
burc: noun, LN; pig, boar, hog, pork
burz: noun, LN; strength
burzulai: adjective; strong
burzuzhai: adjective; bolstering, strengthening, reinforcing
burzyn: verb; strengthen, bolster, reinforce
buvr: noun, LN; doorway, opening
buvrulai: adjective; open, ajar
buvryn: verb; open
bvard: noun, TN; tower
bven: noun, TN; glance, calendar day
bvenyn: verb; glance
bvir: noun, LN; redirection, parry, block, misdirection
bvirt: noun, TN; return
bvirtyn: verb; return, come or go back
bviryn: verb; redirect, parry, block, mislead
bvozm: noun, TN; importance, significance
bvozmulai: adjective; important, significant
byrn: noun, DN; loss, something missing
byrnulai: adjective; lost, misplaced, missing
byrnyn: verb; lose, misplace
bzhur: noun, LN; blessing
bzhurulai: adjective; blessed
bzhuryn: verb; bless

C

cadhr: noun, TN; promise, oath, vow, commitment
cadhryn: verb; promise, swear an oath, make a vow or commitment
cdhal: noun, DN; disturbance, annoyance
cdhalulai: adjective; disturbed, annoyed, bothered, upset
cdhaluzhai: adjective; disturbing, annoying, upseting
cdhalyn: verb; disturb, annoy, bother, upset
cel: noun, TN; romance
celulai: adjective; in love
celuzhai: adjective; romantic, seductive, alluring
celyn: verb; love, woo, seduce
cenz: noun, LN; spouse
cenzulai: adjective; married, wedded, marital
cenzyn: verb; marry, wed
cet: noun, TN; action, verb
cetulai: adjective; active
cetyn: verb; do, act
cha: interjection; ugh, yeah right, phooey, puh, uh-uh, ew
chantr: noun, TN; magic, sorcery, enchantment
chantrulai: adjective; magical, enchanted
chantruz: noun, LN; sorcerer, wizard, or magician
chantruzhai: adjective; magical, enchanting
chantryn: verb; cast or use magic, enchant
chatr: noun, number, LN; hand, quartet, four, military division consisting of 2–4 moctu
chatrai: noun, adjective; fourth (ordinal)
chatrash: noun; quarter, fourth (fraction)
chatzenr: noun, DN; military rank in command a chatr
chauth: noun, DN; damage, breakage
chauthulai: adjective; damaged, broken
chauthuzhai: adjective; damaging, reckless
chauthyn: verb; damage, break
chazr: noun, DN; poison, venom, toxin
chazrulai: adjective; poisoned
chazruzhai: adjective; poisonous, venomous, toxic
chazryn: verb; poison
chilh: noun, LN; yellow color
chilhulai: adjective; yellow
chilhyn: verb; make or become yellow
chmers: noun, TN; grattitude, thanksgiving, appreciation
chmersulai: adjective; grateful, thankful, appreciative
chmersuzhai: adjective; appreciated
chmersyn: verb; thank, appreciate
chondr: noun, TN; answer, reply
chondryn: verb; answer, reply
chor: noun, TN; job, career, role, occupation
chorulai: adjective; employed, in possession of a job or role
choryn: verb; perform a job, fulfill a role
chrez: noun, LN; resurrection, wakefulness, awakening
chrezulai: adjective; resurrected, awake
chrezuzhai: adjective; resurrecting, awakening
chrezyn: verb; resurrect, wake
chur: noun, LN; white color
churulai: adjective; white
churyn: verb; whiten
chus: noun, DN; chaos, randomness, luck (good or bad)
chusulai: adjective; chaotic, random, lucky (good or bad)
chyb: noun, LN; moon more than half full, a convex arc or angle, right-hand side, dominant side (right for right handers)
chybazhi: adjective; on the right or dominant side
chybulai: adjective; more than half full, convex, right-handed
chynv: noun, TN; essence, composition, materials that make up a thing
chynvyn: verb; compose or make up, consist
chyvn: noun, LN; trust, faith
chyvnulai: adjective; trusting, faithful
chyvnuzhai: adjective; trustworthy
chyvnyn: verb; trust, have faith, believe
chyvt: noun, TN; dragging motion
chyvtulai: adjective; dragged
chyvtyn: verb; drag
cizr: noun, LN; a large, white, serpentine, fox-like beast with wide feathered wings
clev: noun, TN; possession, property, ownership
clevuvi: adjective; endowed with possessions
clevyn: verb; have, possess, own
clur: noun, TN; room, chamber
clut: noun, LN; eye, sense of sight
clutulai: adjective; watchful, observant, visible, viewable
clutyn: verb; watch, view, see, look, observe
clymv: noun, LN; glow of vitality, the color and light of living skin, color that seems alive
clymvulai: adjective; glowing (of color), vivacious (of color)
clymvyn: verb; glow with color or life
clyst: noun, TN; name, identity
clystulai: adjective; identifiable
clystuzhai: adjective; identifying
clystyn: verb; name, identify, call
clyvht: noun, DN; subjugation, defeat
clyvhtulai: adjective; subjugated, overpowered, defeated
clyvhtuzhai: adjective; subjugating, overpowering, defeating
clyvhtyn: verb; subjugate, overpower, defeat
crast: noun, DN; closure, lock, seal
crastulai: adjective; closed, locked, sealed
crastyn: verb; close, lock, seal
crev: noun, DN; unease, creepiness
crevulai: adjective; uneasy, nervous, creeped out
crevuzhai: adjective; creepy
crevyn: verb; creep out
crid: noun, LN; animal
criduvi: adjective; animalistic
crur: noun, DN; belief, something held as true
cruryn: noun; believe something to be true
crus: noun, DN; moon less than half full, concave arc or angle, left (direction), non-dominant side (left for right-handers)
crusazhi: adjective; on the left or non-dominant side
crusulai: adjective; less than half full, concave, left-handed
crut: noun, DN; mystery, puzzle, search
crutuzhai: adjective; mysterious, puzzling
crutyn: verb; solve, search, find
cryn: noun, LN; monarch, royalty, crown
cryndhom: noun, TN; monarchy, kingdom (referring to the system of government)
cryndhyn: noun, TN; kingdom (referring to the country itself)
crynscel: noun, TN; empire
crynsceluvi: adjective; imperial
crynthir: noun, TN; palace
crynulai: adjective; royal (people)
crynuvi: adjective; royal (things)
crynyn: verb; reign, rule
cryvt: noun, DN; cold
cryvtasv: noun, DN; fog created by breathing in cold air
cryvtasvyn: noun; create fog in cold weather by breathing
cryvtulai: adjective; feels cold (e.g., “I am cold”)
cryvtuzhai: adjective; causes cold (e.g., “the weather is cold”)
cryvtyn: verb; make or become cold
cryzt: noun, LN; heart, core
cumort: query; when
cunen: query; where
cur: noun, TN; something that is held or carried, burden, load
curn: noun, LN; skin
curulai: adjective; held, carried, born
curuz: noun, TN; carrier, holder, bearer
curvn: noun, TN; wall, barrier
curvnyn: verb; block, barricade
curyn: verb; hold, carry, bear
cuthr: noun, DN; army, military
cuthrulai: adjective; military, martial (people)
cuthruvi: adjective; military, martial (things)
cuvhez: query; how
cuvuvn: query; why
cuzhet: query; who, whom, whose
cvab: noun, LN; claw, talon, fingernail, toenail
cvabyn: verb; scratch
cval: noun, LM; husband
cvan: noun, LN; companion, company, party
cvanulai: adjective; accompanied
cvanuzhai: adjective; accompanying
cvanyn: verb; accompany
cvurzh: noun, TN; angle, corner, bend
cvurzhulai: adjective; angled, bent
cvurzhyn: verb; angle, bend
cyrth: noun, DN; trap
cyrthulai: adjective; trapped, captured, caught
cyrthyn: verb; trap, capture, catch
czhur: noun, LN; creation, craft
czhuruvi: adjective; created, crafted
czhuruzhai: adjective; creative, crafty
czhuryn: verb; create, craft, make

D

dal: noun, number, TN; pair, duo, couple, two
dalai: noun, adjective; second
dalash: noun; half
dalyn: verb; double
dant: noun, TN; green color
dantulai: adjective; green
dantyn: verb; make or become green
darc: noun, TN; repetition, reflection, symmetry
darculai: adjective; repetetive, symmetrical
darcuzhai: adjective; reflective
darcyn: verb; repeat, reflect
darl: noun, LF; wife
darth: noun, TN; altruistic love, compassion
darthulai: adjective; loved, cared for
darthuz: noun, LN; friend
darthuzhai: adjective; loving, caring, compassionate
darthuzuzhai: adjective; friendly
darthuzyn: verb; befriend
darthyn: verb; love, care for, have compassion for
das: conjunction; exclusive but
dazh: noun, TN; comparison or contrast
dazhulai: adjective; comparable or contrasting
dazhuzhai: adjective; judgmental
dazhyn: verb; compare or contrast, judge
delv: noun, LN; chest, torso, military division consisting of 2–4 duru
delvzenr: noun, DN; military rank in command of a delv
demr: noun, TN; question, request, inquiry
demrulai: adjective; inquisitive, curious
demryn: verb; ask, request, inquire, question
detl: noun, LN; ear, sense of hearing
detlulai: adjective; has good sense of hearing, listening
detlyn: adjective; hear, listen
dez: noun, LN; amazement, awe
dezulai: adjective; amazed, awed
dezuzhai: adjective; amazing, awe-inspiring, remarkable
dezyn: verb; amaze, awe
dhach: noun, DN; theft, robbery
dhachruz: noun, LN; thief, robber, bandit, burgler
dhachuvi: adjective; stolen
dhachuzhai: adjective; thieving
dhachyn: verb; steal, rob
dhav: noun, LM; man
dhavuvi: adjective; manly, masculine
dhom: noun, TN; government
dhomscel: noun, TN; political alliance
dhomscelulai: adjective; allied
dhomsceluz: noun, TN; ally
dhomscelyn: verb; ally
dhomulai: adjective; governed
dhomuvi: adjective; governmental
dhomuzhai: adjective; governing
dhomyn: verb; govern
dhrach: noun, LN; enormous reptiles native to arctic regions
dhracv: noun, DN; terror
dhracvulai: adjective; terrified
dhracvuzhai: adjective; terrifying
dhracvyn: verb; terrify
dhral: noun, LN; follower, supporter, asset, servant, minion, pawn
dhralulai: adjective; followed, supported
dhraluzhai: verb; supportive
dhralyn: verb; follow, support
dhravn: noun, DN; honor, respect
dhravnulai: adjective; honored, respected
dhravnuzhai: adjective; honorable, respectable
dhravnyn: verb; honor, respect
dhrym: noun, DN; star, jewel, gem
dhrymlhir: noun; starlight
dhrymulai: adjective; starry
dhryzn: noun, DN; frigid or freezing cold
Dhryzndhyn: noun, TN; country name, “frozen-land”
dhryznulai: adjective; feels frigid or freezing (e.g., “I am freezing”)
dhryznuzhai: adjective; causes frigidness or freezing (e.g., “the weather is freezing”)
dhryznyn: verb; make or become frigid
dhu: conjunction; to, for, in order to, for the purpose of
dhul: noun, TN; machine, mechanism, device
dhululai: adjective; mechanical
dhuluz: noun, LN; mechanic, engineer
dhur: noun, LN; rock, stone
dhurn: noun, DN; north (i.e., “the north”)
dhurulai: adjective; rocky, stony
dhustr: noun, TN; justice, fairness
dhustrulai: adjective; just, fair
dhyn: noun, TN; land, country
dibr: noun, DN; weakness
dibrulai: adjective; weak
dibruzhai: adjective; weakening, debilitating
dibryn: verb; weaken
dlev: noun, DN; danger
dlevulai: adjective; endangered
dlevuzhai: adjective; dangerous, offensive
dlevyn: verb; endanger
dlir: noun, TN; weather, climate
dlyn: noun, LN; sound, noise
dlynuzhai: adjective; audible, noisy
dlynyn: verb; make noise
dreel: noun, LN; grandchild
drel: noun, LN; child
drelavca: adjective; childish, playful
Dreldhyn: noun, TN; country name, “child-land”
drelyn: verb; play
drelzhect: noun, LN; toy
dreth: noun, DN; horror, psychological disturbance, dread, slang term for drethzulh
drethulai: adjective; horrified, disturbed
drethuzhai: adjective; horrifying, disturbing, dreadful
drethyn: verb; horrify, disturb
drethzulh: noun, DN; “horror-ghost”, a dead soul transformed into a demonic entity
drich: noun, TN; idol, false god
druch: noun, TN; god, deity
druchdhom: noun, TN; theocracy
druchdhomulai: adjective; theocratic
druchulai: adjective; divine, godly
drudh: noun, LN; wood, lumber
drudhruz: noun, LN; woodworker, carpenter
drudhulai: adjective; wooden
drudhyn: verb; work with wood
druv: noun, DN; fear
druvulai: adjective; scared, frightened, afraid
druvuzhai: adjective; scary, frightening
druvyn: verb; scare, frighten
druzh: noun, LN; red color
druzhulai: adjective; red
druzhyn: verb; redden
dryvt: noun, TN; movement
dryvtulai: adjective; mobile
dryvtyn: verb; move
du: conjunction; intervenetive but
duc: noun, LN; head
dum: noun, DN; decision, choice, fate
dumulai: adjective; chosen, fateful
dumun: noun, DN; predestination, destiny, unavoidable fate, doom, assignment
dumunulai: adjective; predestined, destined, doomed, assigned
dumunyn: verb; predestine, doom, designate, assign
dumuzhai: adjective; decisive
dumyn: verb; decide, choose
dur: noun, LN; arm, military division consisting of 2–4 chatru
durzenr: noun, DN; military rank in command of a dur
dusc: noun, LN; introduction
duscyn: verb; introduce
duth: noun, DN; predecessor, previous or old thing
duthbven: noun, TN; yesterday
duthlhas: noun, TN; last month
duthnactr: noun, DN; yesterday night
duthnaudh: noun, TN; last year
duthulai: adjective; previous
duthylvr: noun, LN; tomorrow’s daytime
duthyn: verb; precede
duthzhet: noun, LN; ancestor
dvescr: noun, LN; discovery
dvescryn: verb; discover
dvuc: noun, DN; absolute or complete darkness
dvuculai: adjective; completely dark
dvucyn: verb; darken completely
dvust: noun, DN; desert, wasteland
dyrzh: noun, DN; unwellness, failure
dyrzhulai: adjective; unwell, unsuccessful
dyrzhyn: verb; fail
dythn: noun, TN; that
dyv: noun, TN; this
dzev: noun, DN; anti-light, dark matter
dzevyn: verb; destroy light
dzul: noun, LN; bat
Dzulnoch: noun, LN; race name, "bat-kin"

E

eb: noun, DN; new moon, lack, shortage, shortfall, inadequacy, absence
ebazhi: adjective; nowhere
Eboth: noun, TN; city name, “new-moon-home”
ebulai: adjective; empty, invisible, hidden, absent, inadequate
elc: conjunction; exclusive or
elv: noun, LN; purity, cleanliness
elvulai: adjective; pure, clean
elvuzhai: adjective; purifying
elvyn: verb; purify, cleanse
enr: number; seven
enrai: noun, adjective; seventh (ordinal)
enrash: noun; seventh (fraction)
erl: noun, DN; detectable but indefinable quality, appearance, aura, presence, air, projected feeling
esr: noun, TN; noun, generic pronoun often used as the English what or thing
ethn: number; eleven
ethnai: noun, adjective; eleventh (ordinal)
ethnash: noun; eleventh (fraction)
etr: noun, TN; existence, reality
etruvi: adjective; real
etryn: verb; be, exist
evhm: noun, DN; dimness, twilight, gloom
evhmulai: adjective; dim, gloomy
evhmyn: verb; dim
evm: number; ten
evmai: noun, adjective; tenth (ordinal)
evmash: noun; tenth (fraction)
ezhl: noun, DN; throw, shot
ezhlyn: verb; throw, shoot, fire
ezt: number; five
eztai: noun, adjective; fifth (ordinal)
eztash: noun; fifth (fraction)

H

halzr: noun, TN; accident, coincidence
halzryn: verb; happen by chance
harch: noun, DN; mistake, accident, error
Harchast: noun, LN; mountain range name, “punish mistakes”
harchulai: adjective; mistaken, accidental
harchyn: verb; make a mistake, have or cause an accident
havn: noun, LN; rest, rejuvenation, healing
havnruz: noun, LN; healer, doctor
havnthir: noun, TN; hospital
havnulai: adjective; rested, refreshed, healed
havnuzhai: adjective; restful, refreshing, healing
havnyn: verb; rest, refresh, rejuvenate, heal
havr: noun, TN; energy, force, power
havrulai: adjective; energetic, powerful
havruzhai: adjective; energizing
havryn: verb; energize, power, fuel
haz: noun, adjective, DN; negativity, negation, no, not, none
hazulai: adjective; negative, negated, not
hazyn: verb; negate
hech: noun, DN; curse, hex
hechulai: adjective; cursed, hexed
hechuzhai: adjective; cursing, hexing
hechyn: verb; curse, hex
hedhr: noun, TN; clothing, garment, covering
hedhrulai: adjective; clothed
hedhryn: verb; clothe, wear
hezt: noun, TN; rarity, uncommonness
heztulai: adjective; rare, uncommon
horv: noun, LN; cow, cattle, beef
hum: noun, LN; dirt, soil
humyn: verb; bury, plant

I

icr: noun, TN; sign, signal, beacon, guide, marker
icryn: verb; signal, mark
imvr: noun, LN; clarity, transparency
imvrulai: adjective; clear, transparent
imvruzhai: adjective; clarifying (physically)
imvryn: verb; clarify (physically), clear
ithl: noun, DN; bow (and arrow)
ithluz: verb, LN; archer
ithlyn: verb; weild a bow

L

lachn: noun, DN; lake, pond
larc: noun, TN; length
lel: noun, LF; girl, daughter
lelavca: adjective; girly, girlish
let: noun, TN; greeting, meeting
letyn: verb; greet, meet
lezh: noun, DN; border between light and dark, edge of a shadow
lezhulai: adjective; flickering
lezhyn: verb; flicker, pass between light and dark
lhans: noun, TN; key
lhansrysn: noun, TN; keyhole
lhansyn: verb; unlock
lhas: noun, TN; blink, month
lhast: noun, LN; east (i.e., “the east”)
lhasyn: verb; blink
lheth: noun, TN; posture, poise
lhethulai: adjective; posed, poised
lhethyn: verb; pose
lhezb: noun, TN; brain, mind, intelligence, logic, intellect
lhezbulai: adjective; smart, intelligent, logical, intellectual
lhezbuzhai: adjective; bringing intellectual clarity, giving intelligence
lhezbyn: verb; reason, use logic, apply intelligence, think
lhir: noun, LN; light
lhirs: noun, DN; penetration, puncture
lhirsulai: adjective; stabbed, pierced, punctured
lhirsuzhai: adjective; piercing, penetrating
lhirsyn: verb; stab, thrust, poke, pierce, penetrate
lhirulai: adjective; shiny, bright, illuminated
lhiruzhai: adjective; shining, brightening, illuminating
lhiryn: verb; shine, brighten, illuminate
lhudh: noun, DN; vision, dream
lhudhavca: adjective; dreamy, dream-like
lhudhyn: verb; dream, experience a vision
lhulv: noun, LN; canine, wolf, dog
lhun: noun, number, DN; moon, twelve
lhunai: noun, adjective, DN; twelfth (ordinal)
lhunash: noun, DN; twelfth (fraction)
lhunlhir: noun, DN; moonlight
lhuntsyl: noun, DN; snow that glows at night
lhunzenr: noun, DN; military rank in command of a moct
lhutr: noun, TN; definition, outline, sketch
lhutrulai: adjective; defined, outlined, sketched
lhutruzhai: adjective; defining
lhutryn: verb; define, outline, sketch
lhyrm: noun, LN; snake, serpent, worm, eel
lob: noun, LN; foot
lobyn: verb; walk
loelvh: noun, DN; empty speech, pointless words
loelvhyn: verb; speak without actually communicating anything
loobyn: verb; run
lund: noun, TN; boat, ship
lunduz: noun, LN; sailor
lundyn: verb; sail or travel by boat
lurz: noun, TN; lie, falsehood, fakery, deception
lurzuvi: adjective; false, fake, deceptive
lurzyn: verb; lie, fake, deceive, express untruth
luuv: noun, DN; sea, ocean
luv: noun, DN; water
luvazr: noun, DN; spring (lit. “water-birth”)
luvdryvt: noun, TN; swim
luvdryvtyn: verb; swim
luvrac: noun, TN; coast, shore, beach (lit. “water-earth”)
luvulai: adjective; wet, moist, damp
luvuzhai: adjective; wettening, moistening, dampening
luvyn: verb; wetten, moisten, dampen
lyl: noun, LN; mouth
lyldlyn: noun, LN; voice
lylmoct: noun, LN; tongue
lylvh: noun, TN; language, speech, word
lylvhulai: adjective; wordy
lylvhuzhai: adjective; talkative
lylvhyn: verb; speak, talk, say
lyvt: noun, TN; pulling action or motion
lyvtyn: verb; pull, draw, lure
lyylvh: noun, LN; shout, scream, loud voice
lyylvhyn: verb; shout, scream, use a loud voice

M

macvr: noun, DN; shock, surprise, sudden fear
macvrulai: adjective; shocked, surprised, startled, frightened
macvruzhai: adjective; shocking, surprising, startling, frightening
macvryn: verb; shock, surprise, startle, frighten
madr: noun, LN; freedom, liberation, release
madrulai: adjective; free, liberated, released
madrun: noun, LN; free will
madruzhai: adjective; freeing, liberating, releasing
madryn: verb; free, liberate, release
maldhn: noun, DN; trouble, difficulty, hindrance, obstacle, problem
maldhnulai: adjective; troubled, hindered
maldhnuzhai: adjective; troubling, difficult, hindering, problematic
maldhnyn: verb; trouble, hinder
mar: noun, TN; physical matter or substance
march: noun, TN; habit, schedule
marchuvi: adjective; habitual, regular
marchyn: verb; establish or maintain a habit or schedule
maruvi: adjective; physical
maz: noun, DN; sickness, illness, plague, disease
mazulai: adjective; sick, ill, plagued, diseased
mazuzhai: adjective; sickening
mazyn: verb; sicken, make ill, plague, spread disease
mdhav: noun, DN; emotion, feeling
mdhavulai: adjective; emotional, sensitive to emotions
mdhavuzhai: adjective; emotionally relatable, triggers emotions
mdhavyn: verb; feel an emotion
meb: noun, DN; stupidity, foolishness
mebulai: adjective; stupid, foolish
mebyn: verb; act stupidly or foolishly
medhr: noun, LN; field, meadow, yard, plain, clearing (in a forest)
mel: noun, LN; moral good
meluvi: adjective; morally good
meluzhai: adjective; does moral good
melyn: verb; do good works
men: noun, TN; era, age, epoch
mert: noun, TN; timelessness, eternity
mertulai: adjective, TN; timeless, eternal
meth: noun, LN; knowledge, information, familiarity
methir: noun; school
methulai: adjective; knowledgeable
methuz: noun, LN; teacher
methuzhai: adjective; informative, educational
methyn: verb; know, learn, teach
moct: noun, LN; finger, military division consisting of 12 soldiers
moctyn: verb; point, offer an example, designate
morb: noun, TN; world, broader realm
mord: noun, TN; moment, event
mordyn: verb; happen
morn: noun, DN; bravado, false or stupid bravery, recklessness
mornulai: adjective; full of bravado, prone to recklessness
mort: noun, TN; time, age, measurement, continuation
mortashai: adjective; impatient, young, new
mortnen: noun, TN; house, specifically the building or location
mortulai: adjective; patient, old, aged, continuous
mortuz: noun, TN; clock, guage, scale, ruler
mortyn: verb; wait, age, measure, live, continue
morv: noun, DN; suspense, anticipatory fear
morvulai: adjective; held in suspense, fearful
morvuzhai: adjective; suspenseful, foreboding, ominous
morvyn: verb; hold in suspense, forebode
mraund: noun, DN; predator, hunter
mraundulai: adjective; hunted, preyed upon
mraunduzhai: adjective; predatory
mraundyn: verb; hunt, prey upon
mreth: noun, DN; memory
mrethulai: adjective; capable of remembering
mrethuvi: adjective; remembered
mrethuzhai: adjective; memorable
mrethyn: verb; remember, recall
mrethzhect: noun, DN; reminder, memento, souvenir
mudh: noun, TN; brown color
mudhulai: adjective; brown
mudhyn: verb; make or become brown
mund: noun, TN; masonry, brick, stone
mundulai: adjective; made of brick or stone
munduz: noun, LN; mason
mundyn: verb; build with brick or stone
mut: noun, TN; change, transformation, mutation
mutulai: adjective; changed, transformed, mutated, morphed
mutuzhai: adjective; transformative
mutyn: verb; change, transform, mutate, morph
muv: noun, TN; simplicity, minimalism
muvulai: adjective; simple, minimal
muvyn: verb; simplify
mvazh: noun, DN; illusion, hallucination, mirage, vision
mvazhavca: adjective; illusory
mvazhuz: noun, LN or DN; illusionist (LN), hallucinogen (DN)
mvazhyn: verb; hallucinate, see visions
mvu: interjection; so yeah, there it is, that’s that
mydazh: noun; similarity, equality
mydazhulai: adjective; similar, the same, comparable, equal
mydazhyn: verb; compare or be compared with something else and prove similar or equal
mydryvt: noun; sideways movement
mydryvtyn: verb; move sideways
mylarc: noun, TN; medium length
mylarculai: adjective, TN; of medium length
mylheth: noun, TN; seated posture
mylhethulai: adjective; seated
mylhethyn: verb; sit
mymzar: noun, TN; moderate amount
mymzarulai: adjective; moderate in number
myrc: noun, DN; curtain, veil, shroud
myrcnen: noun, DN; hiding place
Myrcrysn: noun, TN; city name, “veiled-hollow”
myrculai: adjective; hidden, covered, obscured
myrcuzhai: adjective; hiding, covering, obscuring
myrcyn: verb; hide, cover
myvhet: noun, TN; average density, firmness, or hardness
myvhetulai: adjective; of average density, firmness, or hardness
myvuzc: noun, TN; medium size
myvuzculai: adjective; of medium size
myzed: noun, TN; vertical middle, medium height
myzedulai: adjective; of medium height
myzedyn: verb; level out
myzric: noun, TN; moderate pace
myzriculai: adjective; moderately paced
myzricyn: verb; hold a moderate pace
mzar: noun, TN; number, quantity
mzaryn: verb; count, quantify, measure
mzath: noun, DN; forgetfulness
mzathulai: adjective; forgetful
mzathuvi: adjective; forgotten
mzathuzhai: adjective; forgetable
mzathyn: verb; forget
mzauch: noun, DN; war
mzauchulai: adjective; warlike
mzauchyn: verb; wage war

N

na: noun, LM; third-person pronoun
Naal Neth: noun, TN; city name, “shadow of fatal exhaustion”
Nactdrel: noun, LN; race name, “night-child”
Nactlylvh: noun, TN; language name, “night-speech”
nactlylvhyn: verb; speak Nactlylvh
nactr: noun, DN; night
nactruvi: adjective; nocturnal
nactryn: verb; become night
Nactvulru: noun, DN; organization name, “night-blades”
nactzetlylvh: noun, TN; script name, “night-writing”
nactzetlylvhyn: verb; write nactzetlylvh
nadr: noun, DN; lowest point, minimum, nadir
Nadr-Nu: noun, LN; summer
nal: noun, DN; exhaustion, drain, tiredness
nalulai: adjective; exhausted, drained, tired
naluzhai: adjective; exhausting, draining, tiring
nalyn: verb; exhaust, drain, tire
nar: noun, LN; successor, new or next thing
narbven: noun, TN; tomorrow
narlhas: noun, TN; next month
narnactr: noun, DN; tomorrow night
narnaudh: noun, TN; next year
narulai: adjective; new, next
narylvr: noun, LN; yesterday’s daytime
naryn: verb; come after
nash: noun, LN; morning, dawn, sunrise
narzhet: noun, LN; descendant
nau: noun, DM; third-person pronoun
naudh: noun, TN; nod, year
naudhyn: verb; nod
nauth: noun, LN; eating, ingestion, digestion, consumption
nauthyn: verb; eat, ingest, digest, consume
ndhu: conjunction; because that is the reason
ne: noun, LN; third-person pronoun
nen: noun, TN; place, position, location
nenyn: verb; be in a place, occupy a position
neth: noun, DN; shadow
Nethrel: noun, TN; city name, “shadow-village”
nethulai: adjective; shadowy (literally, not as in “suspicious”)
nethyn: verb; cast a shadow
nev: noun, TN; ditch, gully, canyon, crevice, chasm
nez: noun, DN; moral evil
nezuvi: adjective; morally evil
nezuzhai: adjective; does or causes moral evil
nezyn: verb; do evil works
ni: noun, LF; third-person pronoun
nlys: noun, DN; destruction
nlysh: noun, LN; necessity
nlyshuvi: adjective; necessary
nlyshyn: verb; need
nlysulai: adjective; destroyed
nlysuzhai: adjective; destructive
nlysyn: verb; destroy
no: noun, DN; third-person pronoun
noch: noun, TN; type, kind, category, relation, kin
nochulai: adjective; related, in kind, kindred
nochyn: verb; categorize, relate
notr: noun, DN; favorite, darling, prize, something precious, term of endearment
notrulai: adjective; favorite, darling, prized, precious
notryn: adjective; favor, prize, consider precious
nrac: noun, DN; holiness, sanctity
nraculai: adjective; holy, sacred
nracyn: verb; sanctify
nsarc: noun, DN; lightning, electricity
nsarculai: adjective; electric
nsarcyn: verb; strike with lightning, electrify, electrocute, zap
nsarczvhiir: noun, DN; lightning storm
nsarczvhiiryn: verb; lightning storm
nu: noun, DF; third-person pronoun
nuc: noun, LN; food, drink
nucyn: noun; prepare, gather, or eat food or drink
nurz: noun, LN; happiness, joy
nurzulai: adjective; happy, joyful
nurzyn: verb; rejoice, be glad
nvars: noun, TN; sending
nvarsulai: adjective; sent
nvarsyn: verb; send
nvestr: noun, LN; bug, insect
nvisr: noun, DN; sacrifice, offering
nvisrubai: adjective; sacrificial
nvisryn: verb; sacrifice, offer
nvit: noun, TN; technique, trick, knack
nvitulai: adjective; full of tricks, knowledgeable of many techniques
nvityn: verb; perform a a technique or trick
nvotr: noun, DN; devotion, selflessness, sacrificial love
nvotruzhai: adjective; devoted, selfless, sacrificially loving
nvotryn: verb; devote, act selflessly, love sacrificially
nvu: conjunction; because, as a result of
nvych: noun, DN; betrayal, treachery, treason
nvychulai: adjective; betrayed
nvychuz: noun, LN; traitor, betrayer
nvychuzhai: adjective; treacherous, traitorous, treasonous
nvychyn: verb; betray
ny: noun, TN; third-person pronoun
nyld: noun, LN; wellness, success
nyldulai: adjective; well, successful
nyldyn: verb; succeed
nys: noun, LN; sibling
nysavca: adjective; sisterly
nytr: determiner; other, another
nzecr: noun, DN; murder, intentional or evil death
nzecrulai: adjective; murdered
nzecruzhai: adjective; murderous
nzecryn: verb; murder, intentionally die or kill

O

o: interjection; well?, and?, and you?, you?, right?, alright?, yeah?
oedr: noun, TN; ability
oedrulai: adjective; able, capable
oedruzhai: adjective; enabling
oedryn: verb; can, enable
orb: noun, DN; mist, fog, smoke, haze
oth: noun, LN; home, haven, shelter, place of comfort and safety

R

rac: noun, LN; earth, ground, land
rach: noun, LN; agreement
rachuzhai: adjective; agreeable
rachyn: verb; agree
racyn: verb; bury in the earth
rad: noun, LM; boy, son
radavca: adjective; boyish
ravtr: noun, LN; bird, any flying animal
rel: noun, DN; awed fear or terror
relulai: adjective; simultaneously awed and terrified
reluzhai: adjective; simultaneously awe-inspiring and terrifying
relyn: verb; simultaneously inspire awe and terror
reshcr: noun, LN; something that stays, act of staying
reshcryn: verb; stay, remain, linger
ret: noun, LN; servant, slave
retyn: verb; serve, slave
reu: interjection; now, so, by the way
revn: noun, LN; remainder, remnant, that which is left
revnuvi: adjective; remaining, spared
revnyn: verb; remain, spare
rez: noun, LN; victory
rezhbr: noun, LN; escape
rezhbryn: verb; escape, flee, get away
rezulai: adjective; victorious
rezuz: noun, LN; victor, winner
rezyn: verb; win
rezzhect: noun, LN; prize, trophy, award
ris: noun, LN; rescue, salvation
risyn: verb; rescue, save
riv: noun, TN; summons, crop
rivuz: noun, LN; summoner, harvester, gatherer, caller, reaper
rivyn: verb; summon, harvest, gather, call, reap
rudh: noun, LN; scent, odor, smell
rudhulai: adjective; scented, has a smell
rudhyn: verb; smell, sniff, waft, track or detect by scent
ryld: noun, DN; beauty
ryldulai: adjective; beautiful
ryldyn: verb; beautify
ryls: noun, DN; wish, desire, covetousness
rylsulai: adjective; wishful, wanting, full of desire, covetous
rylsuzhai: adjective; wished for, wanted, desired, coveted
rylsyn: verb; wish, desire, want, covet
rysn: noun, DN; emptiness, hole, void
rysnulai: adjective; empty, hollow
rysnuzhai: adjective; emptying, hollowing
rysnyn: verb; empty, hollow out
ryvht: noun, DN; anger
ryvhtulai: adjective; angry
ryvhtuzhai: adjective; angering
ryvhtyn: verb; anger

S

sa: interjection; OK, right, yeah, alright, sure, mm-hm
sab: noun, LN; art, technique, craft
sabulai: adjective; artful (an outcome)
sabuz: noun, LN; artist
sabuzhai: adjective; artistic (a person)
sabyn: verb; practice an art, technique, or craft
sal: noun, LN; help, assistance, aid
saluz: noun, LN; helper, assistant
saluzhai: adjective; helpful
salyn: verb; help, assist, aid
sanz: noun, LN; sense, perception, feeling
sanzulai: adjective; sensitive, perceptive, feeling
sanzuzhai: adjective; perceptible
sanzyn: verb; sense, perceive, feel
sav: noun, LN; positivity, yes
savuzhai: adjective; positive
sbectr: noun, TN; color, hue, dye, pigment
sbectrulai: adjective; colorful, colored, dyed
sbectryn: verb; color, dye
sbren: noun, LN; growth, sprout
sbrenyn: verb; grow, sprout
scach: noun, DN; dryness
scachulai: adjective; dry
scachyn: verb; dry out
scazm: noun, TN; plan, map, diagram, schematic
scazmulai: adjective; planned, mapped, diagramed, orchestrated
scazmyn: verb; plan, map, diagram, orchestrate
scel: noun, TN; group, collection
scelyn: verb; group, collect, gather
scer: noun, DN; thinness, skinnyness, slenderness, diffusion
scerulai: adjective; thin, skinny, slender, diffuse
sceryn: verb; thin, spread out, diffuse
schal: noun, LN; south (i.e., “the south”)
schash: noun, LN; fire, flame
schashulai: adjective; fiery, flaming
schashyn: verb; burn with fire
sder: noun, DN; distraction
sderulai: adjective; distracted
sderuzhai: adjective; distracting
sderyn: verb; distract
selm: noun, LN; gift, generosity
selmuzhai: adjective; generous
selmyn: verb; give
set: conjunction; successive and
seth: noun, number, TN; trio, trinity, three
sethai: noun, adjective; third (ordinal)
sethash: noun; third (fraction)
shaml: noun, TN; conduit, channel
shamlulai: adjective; channeled
shamlyn: verb; channel
shantr: noun, TN; music, song
shantrulai: adjective; musical
shantruz: noun, LN; singer or musician
shantryn: verb; sing, play music
shard: noun, TN; fraction, piece, segment, section, fragment
shcar: noun, LN; fish, any submarine animal
shrich: noun, DN; point, spike, thorn, tip of a blade
shrichulai: adjective; pointy, spiky, thorny
shy: determiner; few
shymr: noun, LN; gold
shymrulai: adjective; golden
shyn: noun, DN; pain, torment
shynulai: adjective; hurt, pained
shynuzhai: adjective; painful, torturous
shynyn: verb; hurt, torture
slilh: noun, LN; sun
slilhir: noun, LN; sunlight
sord: noun, DN; evening
sordyn: verb; become evening
sruch: noun, DN; strike, blow, attack, assault, offense
sruchyn: verb; strike, attack, assault, offend
stabr: noun, TN; story, account, history
stabryn: verb; tell a story, give an account, relate history
stavr: noun, DN; denial, refusal, withholding
stavryn: verb; deny, refuse, withhold
sty: determiner; most
stych: noun, DN; stigma, taboo, something avoided or set apart, a bad reputation
stychulai: adjective; stigmatized, avoided or set apart, having a bad reputation
stychuzhai: adjective; stigmatizing, causing avoidance, causing a bad reputation
stychyn: verb; stigmatize, avoid or set apart, give a bad reputation
suc: noun, LN; fruit
sucsyylv: noun, LN; fruit tree
sucyn: verb; bear fruit
sur: noun, DN; hatred, bitterness
surulai: adjective; hateful, bitter
suruz: noun; enemy, foe
suruzuzhai: verb; antagonistic, enemy
suruzyn: verb; antagonize
suryn: verb; hate
svart: noun, LN; crowd, swarm, flock, herd
svartulai: adjective; crowded
svartyn: verb; crowd, swarm, flock together
svech: noun, LN; seed
svechyn: verb; plant, sow
svy: determiner; many, lots
sybl: noun, LN; nocturnal bird with black and white feathers and a haunting, laugh-like cry
sycr: noun, DN; warscythe, glaive, halberd
sycruz: noun, LN; halberdier
sycryn: verb; weild a warscythe
sylv: noun, LN; plant, vegetation
sylvdur: noun, LN; branch
sylvmoct: noun, LN; twig
sylvnen: noun, LN; garden or patch of vegetation
sylvtres: noun, LN; leaf
sylvulai: adjective; overgrown with vegetation
syrv: noun, DN; river, stream, creek
syylv: noun, LN; tree
syylvcurn: noun, LN; bark
syylvnen: noun, LN; forest

T

tacuryn: verb; bring
tadazhulai: adjective; greater when compared with something else
tadazhyn: verb; compare or be compared with something else and prove greater
tadryvt: noun; forward movement
tadryvtyn: verb; advance
talarc: noun, LN; long length
talarculai: adjective; long
talarcyn: verb; lengthen
talheth: noun, LN; upright or standing posture, stance
talhethulai: adjective; standing, vertical
talhethyn: verb; stand
tamortulai: adjective; long-lasting
tamzar: noun, LN; high number, great amount
tamzarulai: adjective; great in number
tamzaryn: verb; increase in number or amount
tarac: noun, LN; hill
tascel: noun, LN; majority
tavhet: noun, LN; high density, firmness, solidity, hardness
tavhetulai: adjective; dense, firm, solid, hard
tavhetyn: verb; solidify, harden
tavuzc: noun, TN; bigness, largeness
tavuzculai: adjective; big, large
tavuzcyn: verb; grow
tazed: noun, LN; top, height
tazedulai: adjective; tall, high, rising
tazedyn: verb; ascend, rise
tazric: noun, LN; fast pace, speed
tazriculai: adjective; fast, quick, swift, speedy
tazricyn: verb; accelerate, go fast
ten: noun, TN; border, boundary, limit, stopper, range
tenlheth: noun, TN; unmoving stance
tenlhethyn: verb; stand firm, hold one’s ground
tenyn: verb; stop, arrest, cease, limit, reach the edge or limit
tesr: noun, TN; try, attempt
tesryn: verb; try, attempt
tezhn: noun, TN; keeper, miser, greed
tezhnulai: adjective; greedy, possessive
tezhnyn: verb; hold, keep
tha: noun, LM; second-person pronoun
thasn: noun, TN; gray color
thasnulai: adjective; gray
thasnyn: verb; make or become gray
thau: noun, DM; second-person pronoun
the: noun, LN; second-person pronoun
thelv: noun, DN; silence
thelvulai: adjective; silent
thelvuzhai: adjective; silencing
thelvyn: verb; make or become silent
thesc: noun, DN; dusk, the moment just before true night
thi: noun, LF; second-person pronoun
thir: noun, TN; building, facility
tho: noun, DN; second-person pronoun
thrac: noun, LN; initiative, ambition
thraculai: adjective; shows initiative, ambitious
thracyn: verb; seize initiative
thred: noun, TN; line
threl: noun, TN; settlement, colony, village
threlyn: verb; settle, colonize, incorporate as village
thu: noun, DF; second-person pronoun
thuz: noun, DN; black color
thuzulai: adjective; black
thuzyn: verb; blacken
thy: noun, TN; second-person pronoun
tlhevc: noun, DN; ice
tlhevculai: adjective; icy, frozen
tlhevcyn: verb; freeze, make or become ice, coat with ice
treb: noun, TN; journey
trebyn: verb; journey, travel
trech: noun, DN; ugliness, distortion, perversion
trechulai: adjective; ugly, distorted, perverse
trechuzhai: adjective; uglifying, distorting, perverting
trechyn: verb; uglify, distort, pervert
tres: noun, LN; hair, fur
tresulai: adjective; hairy, furry
trezb: noun, TN; table, desk
trov: noun, LN; work, labor
trovulai: adjective; busy, hard-working, dilligent
trovuzhai: adjective; laborious
trovyn: verb; work, labor
try: determiner, TN; every, all
tsylh: noun, DN; snow
Tsylhdrel: noun, LN; race name, “snow-child”
tsylhir: noun, DN; light reflected off snow, especially at night
tsylhulai: adjective; snowy
tsylhyn: verb; snow
tum: noun, DN; fall
tumulai: adjective; fallen
tumyn: verb; fall
turvn: noun, TN; circle, ring
turvnulai: adjective; circular, round
turvnyn: verb; spin, rotate, turn
tuurvn: noun, TN; sphere, globe
tvhel: noun, LN; mountain
tvhelulai: adjective; mountainous
tvyc: noun, DN; waste, garbage, rot
tvyculai: adjective; rotten
tvycuzhai: adjective; wasteful
tvycyn: verb; waste, throw out, rot
tyrn: noun, DN; farewell, parting
tyrnyn: verb; bid farewell, part
tyrz: noun, LF; queen
tyrzavca: adjective; queenly
tyrzyn: verb; reign as queen
tzevd: noun, LM; king
tzevdavca: adjective; kingly
tzevdyn: verb; reign as king

U

ub: conjunction; conditional if-then conjunction
ue: interjection; ah, oh, uh-huh
umvr: noun, DN; darkness
umvrulai: adjective; dark
umvruzhai: adjective; darkening
umvryn: verb; darken
un: noun, LN; self, individuality, consciousness, volition, identity
urzh: noun, TN; metal, iron, steel
urzhthir: noun, TN; forge
urzhulai: adjective; metal, iron, steel
urzhuz: noun, LN; metalworker, blacksmith
Uuvdhyn: noun, TN; country name, “deep-sorrow-land”
uvluv: noun, DN; tear, rain
uvluvyn: verb; cry, sob, weep, rain
uvlylvh: noun, DN; cry
uvlylvhyn: verb; cry out in grief
uvn: conjunction; because
uvr: noun, DN; sadness, grief
uvrulai: adjective; sad
uvryn: verb; grieve, mourn
uz: noun, TN; something or someone that performs an action

V

va: noun, LM; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
vashc: noun, TN; passing motion
vashcuzhai: adjective; parallel
vashcyn: verb; pass, go by
vau: noun, DM; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
ve: noun, LN; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
vebl: noun, DN; worship
veblulai: adjective; worshipful
veblyn: verb; worship
vecs: noun, LN; increase
Vecs-Nu: noun, DN; autumn
vecsulai: adjective; increasing
vecsyn: verb; increase
ven: noun, DN; decrease
Ven-Nu: noun, LN; spring (season)
venulai: adjective; decreasing
venyn: verb; decrease
vesc: noun, LN; arrival, entrance
vescyn: verb; come, arrive, enter
vest: noun, LN; body
vethr: noun, DN; outer space, vacuum, the Void, spiritual or deathly realm
vhadhr: noun, LN; ease
vhadhrulai: adjective; easy
vhalh: noun, DN; pallor, pale coloration, the color of corpse skin, pale sickly green
vhalhulai: adjective; pale, corpse-like (in color)
vhalhyn: verb; pale
vhan: noun, LN; baby, infant
vhashn: noun, TN; behavior, manner
vhashnyn: verb; behave, act in a manner
vhel: noun, LN; defense, sanctuary, fortress, protection
Vhel Dreth: noun, TN; city name, “horror sanctuary”
vheln: noun, LN; commoner, peasant
vhelndhom: noun, TN; democracy
vhelndhomulai: adjective; democratic
vhelulai: adjective; defended, protected, guarded
Vhel Umvr: noun, TN; city name, “darkness sanctuary”
vheluzhai: adjective; defensive, protective
vhelyn: verb; defend, protect, guard
vhenr: noun, LN; tooth, fang
vhenrulai: adjective; toothy, chewy
vhenryn: verb; bite, chew
vhet: noun, TN; density, firmness, give
vhez: noun, TN; way, path, road, method
vhezulai: adjective; guided, directed
vhezuz: noun; director, guide
vhezuzhai: adjective; guiding, directing
vhezyn: verb; follow a path or method, guide, direct
vhlac: noun, LN; cat, feline
vhlech: noun, LN; moss, lichen
vhlhuvr: noun, LN; flower
vhlhuvryn: verb; blossom
vhlur: noun, DN; outcry or exclamation (especially of grief), thunder
vhluryn: verb; cry out or exclaim (especially in grief), thunder
vhlurzvhiir: noun, DN; thunderstorm, emotional meltdown or tantrum
vhlurzvhiiryn: verb; thunderstorm, have an emotional meltdown, throw a tantrum
vhlut: noun, TN; plane, flat surface
vhostr: noun, TN; influence
vhostrulai: adjective; influenced
vhostruzhai: adjective; influential
vhostryn: verb; influence
vhrez: noun, LN; forgiveness, pardon
vhrezulai: adjective; forgiven, pardoned
vhrezuzhai: adjective; forgiving
vhrezyn: verb; forgive, pardon
vhryzn: noun, DN; coolness, chill
vhryznulai: adjective; feels cool, chilly (e.g., “I am chilly”)
vhryznuzhai: adjective; cooling, chilling (e.g., the weather is chilly”)
vhryznyn: verb; make or become cool
vhusr: noun, TN; use, function, practicality
vhusrulai: adjective; useful, functional, practical
vhusrulai: verb; use, function
vhyn: noun, LN; family
vhynulai: adjective; familial, related
vhyst: noun, DN; sense of longing, wistfulness, nostalgia
vhystulai: adjective; longing, wistful, nostalgic
vhystuzhai: adjective; longed for, nostalgic
vhystyn: verb; long for, be nostalgic
vi: noun, LF; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
vir: noun, TN; city, town
viryn: verb; incorporate as city or town
vledr: noun, DN; champion, knight, warrior with mastery of both sword and magic
vles: noun, LN; priest/priestess
vlhyd: noun, LN; horse, pony, donkey, steed
vlhyd: verb; ride a horse
vnedht: noun, DN; moving or living shadow
vnedhtulai: adjective; covered in moving shadows
vnedhtyn: verb; cast a moving shadow
vo: noun, DN; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
voch: noun, TN; vehicle, cart, carriage
vochuz: noun, TN; driver
vochyn: verb; drive or travel by vehicle
vodh: noun, TN; geometric concept of space (of any dimension)
vrachn: noun, DN; paradox, contradiction, inconsistency
vrachnulai: adjective; paradoxical, contradictory, inconsistent
vrachnyn: verb; contradict, refute
vredh: noun, LM; brother
vredhavca: adjective; brotherly
vrem: noun, DN; victim, prey, game, quarry
vreth: noun, LN; hope, possibility, potential
vrethulai: adjective; hopeful (e.g., someone who is hopeful), possible, potentially
vrethuvi: adjective; possible
vrethyn: verb; hope
vroch: noun, LN; laughter, mirth
vrochuzhai: adjective; silly, funny, laughable
vrochyn: verb; laugh
vrochzhect: noun, LN; joke
vrush: noun, LN; heat
vrushulai: adjective; feels hot (e.g., “I am hot”)
vrushuzhai: adjective; causes heat (e.g., “the weather is hot”)
vrushyn: verb; heat
vrushyzh: adjective; heating
vruush: noun, LN; burning heat
vruushyn: verb; burn
vry: determiner, TN; any
vryt: noun, LN; soft bodily tissue, organs, fat
vsyn: noun, LN; blood, bodily fluid
vsynyn: verb; bleed
vu: noun, DF; second/third-person pronoun (honorific)
vud: noun, TN; window, porthole, scrying surface
vulr: noun, DN; blade, weapon, point made in an argument
vulruz: noun, LN; warrior or combatant
vulryn: verb; weild a weapon, argue a point
vurd: noun, LN; bravery, courage, inspiration
vurdulai: adjective; brave, courageous, inspired
vurduzhai: adjective; encouraging, inspiring
vurdyn: verb; embolden, encourage, inspire
vuvn: noun, TN; reason, purpose, cause
vuvnulai: adjective; purposeful
vuvnyn: verb; cause something
vuzc: noun, TN; size
vuzh: noun, DN; west (i.e., “the west”)
vyrcr: noun, LN; back, spine
vyscr: noun, LN; entrails, guts, gore
vzen: noun, TN; will, command
vzenulai: adjective; willful, commanding
vzenyn: verb; will, command

Y

y: interjection; uh, um, hm
yl: conjunction; unitive and
yld: noun, LN; connection, mixture, combination, bond
yldulai: adjective; connected, mixed, combined, bound, together
ylduzhai: adjective; connecting, binding
yldyn: verb; connect, mix, combine, bind
Ylvdrel: noun, LN; race name, “day-child”
ylvr: noun, LN; daytime
ylvruvi: adjective; diurnal
ylvryn: verb; become day
ynd: noun, DN; hunger
yndulai: adjective; hungry
yndyn: verb; hunger, starve
yr: conjunction; inclusive or
yrs: noun, LN; plenty, abundance, satisfaction, fullness
yrsulai: adjective; plentiful, abundant, full
yrsuzhai: adjective; satisfying, filling
yrsyn: verb; satisfy, fill
yvr: noun, TN; order, law, organization, moderation
yvrulai: adjective; lawful, organized
yvryn: verb; enforce law and order, organize, moderate

Z

zach: noun, LM; prince, male heir or ruler
zachyn: verb; inherit or rule (male)
zadhr: noun, DN; good or natural death
zadhrulai: adjective; well or naturally dead
zadhryn: verb; die a good or natural death
zalth: noun, DN; quiet, peace, serenity, calm
zalthulai: adjective; quiet, peaceful, serene, calm
zalthuzhai: adjective; quieting, pacifying, calming
zalthyn: verb; make or become quiet, pacify, calm
zarc: noun, TN; perfection, completion, transcendence, maturity, paragon
zarclhun: noun, DN; full moon, one hundred fourty-four
zarclhunai: noun, number, DN; one hundred fourty-fourth
zarculai: adjective; perfect, complete, transcendent, mature
zarcyn: verb; perfect, complete, transcend, mature
zarczenr: noun, DN; highest military rank
zaur: noun, LN; lizard, reptile
zavhr: noun, DN; blue color
zavhrulai: adjective; blue
zavhryn: verb; make or become blue
zcur: noun, LN; preference
zcuruzhai: adjective; prefered, preferable
zcuryn: verb; prefer, like
zebr: noun, DN; sword
zebruz: noun, LN; swordfighter
zebryn: verb; weild a sword
zed: noun, TN; height, vertical size
zeesht: noun, LN; grandparent
zelt: noun, LF; mother
zeltavca: adjective; motherly
zeltyn: verb; mother a child
zenr: noun, LN; commander, lord, governor
zenravca: adjective; commanding, lordly
zenryn: verb; command, govern
zer: noun, LN; master, manager, mayor
zeravca: adjective; masterful, managerial
zeryn: verb; master, manage
zesht: noun, LN; parent
zeshtavca: adjective; parental (person)
zeshtuvi: adjective; parental (things)
zeshtyn: verb; parent, nurture, or raise a child
zetlylvh: noun, TN; writing, written word
zetlylvhyn: verb; write
zetnen: noun, DN; grave, tomb, bed, bedroom
zetr: noun, DN; death, end, finish
zetrai: noun, adjective; last, final
zetravn: noun, DN; sleep
zetravnulai: adjective; sleepy
zetravnuzhai: adjective; sleep-inducing
zetravnyn: verb; sleep
Zetres: noun, DF; the Nactdrel goddess of death
zetrulai: adjective; dead, ended, finished
zetruzhai: adjective; deadly, fatal, ending, finishing
zetryn: verb; die, kill, end, finish, stop
zetthir: noun, DN; mausoleum, tomb, charnel house
zha: noun, LM; first-person pronoun
zhambr: noun, LN; leg
zhan: noun, TN; skill, talent
zhanulai: adjective; skilled, talented, practiced
zhanyn: verb; train, practice
zhasn: noun, LF; princess, heiress or ruler
zhasnyn: verb; inherit or rule (female)
zhau: noun, DM; first-person pronoun
zhe: noun, LN; first-person pronoun
zhect: noun, TN; inanimate thing, object
zhectyn: verb; objectify
zhet: noun, LN; person
zhetavca: adjective; person-like
zhetuzhai: adjective; humanizing
zhetyn: verb; anthropomorphize, humanize
zhi: noun, LF; first-person pronoun
zhlys: noun, DN; separation, cut, distance, division
zhlysulai: adjective; separate, cut, severed, far, divided
zhlysuzhai: adjective; separating, cutting, severing, distancing, dividing
zhlysyn: verb; separate, cut, sever, divide
zho: noun, DN; first-person pronoun
zhra: conjunction; also, too, as well
zhu: noun, DF; first-person pronoun
zhul: noun, LF; woman
zhulavca: adjective; womanly, feminine
zhusm: noun, TN; idea, concept, distinct thought
zhusmavca: adjective; conceptual
zhusmyn: verb; brainstorm, come up with an idea
zhy: noun, TN; first-person pronoun
zleet: noun, DN; battle, ball (as in dance)
zlet: noun, DN; fight, argument, dance, interaction
zletavca: adjective; battle-like, dance-like, interactive
zletuz: noun, LN; dancer, fighter
zletyn: verb; battle, fight, argue, dance, interact
zlylth: noun, TN; thought, consideration
zlylthulai: adjective; thoughtful
zlylthuzhai: adjective; thought-provoking
zlylthyn: verb; think, ponder, consider
znan: noun, TN; shape, form
znanulai: adjective; shapely, shaped, formed
znanyn: verb; shape, form
zneth: noun, DN; darkest, quietest period of the night
znuc: noun, DN; remorse, regret, apology, sorrow
znuculai: adjective; remorseful, apologetic, sorrowful
znucuzhai: adjective; regrettable
znucyn: verb; regret, apologize
zrel: noun, TN; truth
zrelulai: adjective; true
zrelyn: verb; express the truth, verify
zric: noun, TN; pace, rate of motion, speed
zricyn: verb; set a pace
zucuryn: verb; take or carry away
zudazhulai: adjective; lesser when compared with something else
zudazhyn: verb; compare or be compared with something else and prove lesser
zudryvt: noun; backward movement
zudryvtyn: verb; retreat
zularc: noun, DN; short length
zularculai: adjective; short
zularcyn: verb; shorten
zulh: noun, DN; ghost, spirit
zulhavca: adjective; ghostly, spiritual
zulhchauth: noun, DN; “soul-break”, insanity, madness
zulhchauthulai: adjective; insane, mad, crazy
zulhchauthyn: verb; drive or act insane or crazy
zulhdhach: noun, DN; “soul-theft”, evil necromancy
zulhdhachulai: adjective; of or relating to evil necromancy
zulhdhachuz: noun, LN; “soul-thief”, evil necromancer
zulhdhachyn: verb; perform evil necromancy
zulheth: noun, DN; reclined posture
zulhethulai: adjective; lying or reclined, horizontal
zulhethyn: verb; lie or recline
zulhulai: adjective; haunted
zulhzer: noun, LN; “soul-mastery”, good necromancy
zulhzerulai: adjective; of or relating to good necromancy
zulhzeruz: noun, LN; “soul-master”, good necromancer
zulhzeryn: verb; perform good necromancy
zumortulai: adjective; brief
zumzar: noun, DN; low number, small amount
zumzarulai: adjective; low in number
zumzaryn: verb; decrease in number or amount
zurac: noun, DN; valley, dell, dale
zurdh: noun, LM; father
zurdhavca: adjective; fatherly
zurdhyn: verb; father a child
zuscel: noun, DN; minority
zut: noun, TN; solitude, loneliness, one
zutai: noun, adjective; first
zutulai: adjective; alone, lonely, isolated, solo, once
zutuzhai: adjective; isolating
zutyn: verb; cause to be alone, abandon, isolate
zuvcr: noun, DN; accidental death
zuvcrulai: adjective; dead by accident
zuvcruzhai: adjective; prone to causing lethal accidents
zuvcryn: verb; die or kill by accident
zuvhet: noun, DN; low density, softness
zuvhetulai: adjective; soft
zuvhetyn: verb; soften
zuvuzc: noun, TN; smallness, littleness
zuvuzculai: adjective; small, little
zuvuzcyn: verb; shrink
zuzed: noun, DN; bottom, shortness
zuzedulai: adjective; short, low, descending
zuzedyn: verb; descend, lower, set
zuzric: noun, DN; slow pace
zuzriculai: adjective; slow
zuzricyn: verb; decelerate, go slowly
zvhect: noun, TN; result, outcome, effect
zvhectulai: noun; resulting
zvhiir: noun, DN; storm, especially a windstorm
zvhiirulai: adjective; stormy
zvhiiryn: verb; storm, rage like a storm
zvhir: noun, DN; air, breath
zvhirdryvt: noun, TN; flight
zvhirdryvtyn: verb; fly
zvhirulai: adjective; airy, windy, breathy
zvhiryn: verb; blow, breathe, inflate
zvit: noun, TN; wit, cleverness
zvitulai: adjective; clever
zvityn: verb; outwit, act clever
zy: determiner; the
zyc: noun, number, DN; nothing, zero
zynth: noun, DN; full moon, completeness, wholeness, fullness
zynthulai: adjective; full, complete, whole
zynthuzhai: adjective; filling, completing, holistic
zynthyn: adjective; fill, complete
zyth: noun, LN; highest point, maximum, zenith
Zyth-Nu: noun, DN; winter

Introduction

Classical & Neo Nactlylvh

Notation

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Diphthongs

Phonotactics

Syllabification

Stress

Alphabetical Order

Morphology

Roots

Class

Domain

Gender

Class Letters

Nouns

Noun Class

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Case

Plurals

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Query Pronouns

Determiners

Articles

Demonstratives

Determiner Chaining

Personal Demonstratives

Proper Nouns

Inversion

Augmentation

Verbs

Tense

Aspect

Mood

Modal Verbs

Gerunds

Numbers

God Numbers

Fractions

Ordinals

Numbers as Nouns

Numbers as Counters

Compound Words

Syntax

Word Order

Sentence Order

Phrase Order

Emphasis through Order

Deletions

Adjectives

Conjunctions

Subordination

Questions

Yes & No

Comparisons

Causatives

Semantics

Kinship Terms

Greetings & Partings

Personal Names

Geographic Landmarks

Time

Flow

Lunar Divisions

Seasons

Colors

Military Ranks

Idioms

Pragmatics

Pragmatic Markers

Politeness

Registers

Sample Passages

Let Dreluvi

Hech Nezachimuvi

Lexicon

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