Nactlylvh: Language of the Night

Introduction

Nactlylvh, or “Night Speech”, is the native language of the Nacdrel, a race of immortal humanoids. It is also spoken by people influenced by Nacdrel culture. Some interesting features of the language include:

Free word order
Ergative-absolutive case system
Five-tiered plural system
Two definite articles—proximal and distal—but no indefinite article
No morphological distinction between past- and present-tense verbs
Octal number system

Notation

Phonetic transcriptions appear within brackets (e.g., [ɱ]). These represent precise, individual sounds where subtle variations matter.

Phonemic transcriptions appear within slashes (e.g., /ɱ/). These represent groups of similar sounds. A language considers all members of a group to be a single sound in spite of any subtle differences.

Orthographic transcriptions appear within chevrons (e.g., ⟨m⟩). These represent the written letters a language uses to represent a sound.

Phonetic and phonemic transcriptions use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Most of the IPA pronunciations can be heard here:

Phonology

Consonants

	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	/ɱ/		/n/
Stop			/t d/		/k/
Fricative	/f v/	/θ ð/	/s z/	/ʃ ʒ/	/x/
Approximant						/χ ʁ/
Lateral Approximant			/l/

Consonants

IPA	Pronunciation
/ɱ/	English ⟨m⟩ with upper teeth against lower lip, as in ⟨symphony⟩
/n/	English ⟨n⟩ as in ⟨night⟩
/t/	English ⟨t⟩ as in ⟨time⟩
/d/	English ⟨d⟩ as in ⟨dark⟩
/k/	English ⟨k⟩ as in ⟨kill⟩, never ⟨c⟩ as in ⟨cell⟩
/f/	English ⟨f⟩ as in ⟨fate⟩
/v/	English ⟨v⟩ as in ⟨vapor⟩
/θ/	English ⟨th⟩ as in ⟨thin⟩
/ð/	English ⟨th⟩ as in ⟨then⟩
/s/	English ⟨s⟩ as in ⟨sigh⟩
/z/	English ⟨z⟩ as in ⟨zero⟩
/ʃ/	English ⟨sh⟩ as in ⟨shy⟩
/ʒ/	English ⟨s⟩ as in ⟨vision⟩
/x/	Scottish ⟨ch⟩ as in ⟨loch⟩
/χ/	Guttural hiss, with optional growl or purr
/ʁ/	Guttural or French ⟨r⟩, with optional growl or purr
/l/	English ⟨l⟩ as in ⟨lake⟩, never as in ⟨cool⟩

Consonant Pronunciation Guide

Nactlylvh has a late voicing onset time. Prolonged voiced consonants may even be pronounced as an unvoiced phoneme followed by a voiced one (e.g., /zː/ may be pronounced as [sz]).

[ɱ̥ ɱ], [n̥ n], and [l̥ l] are complementary allophones of /ɱ/, /n/, and /l/, respectively. The voiced phonemes in each of those pairs only occur adjacent to other voiced consonants.

Although [χ ʁ] are technically fricatives according to the IPA, in Nactlylvh they may be formed as either fricatives or approximants. For the purposes of phonotactical constraints, they are always considered approximants.

Doubled nasals, fricatives, and approximants are simply prolonged. The second in a doubled stop is fricativized (e.g., /kk/ is pronounced [kx]). Note that alveolar /t d/ fricativize into dental /θ ð/ (e.g., /tt/ is pronounced [tθ]).

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/		/ɯ/
Close-Mid	/ɪ/		/ɤ/
Open-Mid	/ɛ/		/ʌ/
Open		/ä/

Vowels

IPA	Pronunciation
/i/	English ⟨ee⟩ as in ⟨free⟩
/ɯ/	English ⟨u⟩ as in ⟨lure⟩, but without rounding the lips
/ɪ/	English ⟨i⟩ as in ⟨bit⟩
/ɤ/	English ⟨oo⟩ as in ⟨foot⟩
/ɛ/	English ⟨e⟩ as in ⟨bed⟩
/ʌ/	Something between English ⟨u⟩ as in ⟨gut⟩ and ⟨o⟩ as in ⟨not⟩
/ä/	English ⟨a⟩ as in ⟨father⟩

Vowel Pronunciation Guide

Although seven vowels are given above, in practice they can often be reduced to just three: /ɪ ɤ ä/. All the others are allophones in most cases:

[i ɪ ɛ] are allophones of /ɪ/
[ɯ ɤ ʌ] are allophones of /ɤ/

Note that, in contrast to English, the lips are never rounded when pronouncing back vowels.

Doubled or long vowels are pronounced as two short vowels separated a non-syllabic /χ/ (e.g., /äː/ is pronounced [äχä]).

When /ɛ/ appears at the end of a word following a consonant, it tends to centralize toward the schwa sound [ə].

Diphthongs

IPA	Pronunciation
/ɪ̯ɛ/	English ⟨ye⟩ as in ⟨yet⟩
/ɤ̯ɪ/	English ⟨wi⟩ as in ⟨win⟩
/ɤ̯ä/	English ⟨wa⟩ as in ⟨water⟩
/ɛɪ̯/	English ⟨ay⟩ as in ⟨day⟩
/äɪ̯/	English ⟨i⟩ as in ⟨spine⟩

Diphthong Pronunciation Guide

Phonotactics

Nactlylvh syllables adhere to the following rules:

Syllables follow the pattern (C)(C)V(C)(C), that is:
1. Up to two optional consonants
2. A required vowel (which may be short, long, or a diphthong)
3. Up to two optional consonant
Onset consonant clusters adhere to the following order:
1. Nasal or stop
2. Fricative
3. Approximant
Coda consonant clusters are only allowed at the end of a word, and adhere to the opposite order:
1. Approximant
2. Fricative
3. Nasal or stop
Consonant pairings from the same level of the hierarchy are only allowed between onset fricatives, and only if they adhere to the following order:
1. Dental
2. Alveolar
3. Labiodental
Postalveolar fricatives may not be paired with other fricatives
Adjacent consonants must agree in voicing
/x/ may only be paired with /k/ and approximants, or /t/ in codas

For ease of reference, here are the romanizations of all the possible Nactlylvh onsets:

⟨c⟩ ⟨cch⟩ ⟨cl⟩ ⟨cr⟩ ⟨cth⟩ ⟨cv⟩ ⟨cz⟩ ⟨czh⟩
⟨ch⟩ ⟨chl⟩ ⟨chr⟩
⟨d⟩ ⟨ddh⟩ ⟨dl⟩ ⟨dr⟩ ⟨dv⟩ ⟨dz⟩ ⟨dzh⟩
⟨dh⟩ ⟨dhl⟩ ⟨dhr⟩ ⟨dhv⟩ ⟨dhz⟩
⟨h⟩
⟨l⟩
⟨m⟩ ⟨mdh⟩ ⟨ml⟩ ⟨mr⟩ ⟨ms⟩ ⟨msh⟩ ⟨mth⟩ ⟨mv⟩ ⟨mvh⟩ ⟨mz⟩ ⟨mzh⟩
⟨n⟩ ⟨ndh⟩ ⟨nl⟩ ⟨nr⟩ ⟨ns⟩ ⟨nsh⟩ ⟨nth⟩ ⟨nv⟩ ⟨nvh⟩ ⟨nz⟩ ⟨nzh⟩
⟨r⟩
⟨s⟩ ⟨sl⟩ ⟨sr⟩ ⟨sv⟩
⟨sh⟩ ⟨shl⟩ ⟨shr⟩
⟨t⟩ ⟨tl⟩ ⟨tr⟩ ⟨tth⟩ ⟨tv⟩ ⟨tz⟩ ⟨tzh⟩
⟨th⟩ ⟨thl⟩ ⟨thr⟩ ⟨thv⟩ ⟨thz⟩
⟨v⟩ ⟨vl⟩ ⟨vr⟩
⟨vh⟩ ⟨vhl⟩ ⟨vhr⟩
⟨z⟩ ⟨zl⟩ ⟨zr⟩ ⟨zv⟩
⟨zh⟩ ⟨zhl⟩ ⟨zhr⟩

Onsets

And all the possible Nactlylvh codas:

⟨c⟩ ⟨ct⟩
⟨ch⟩ ⟨chc⟩
⟨d⟩
⟨dh⟩ ⟨dhd⟩
⟨l⟩ ⟨lc⟩ ⟨lch⟩ ⟨ld⟩ ⟨ldh⟩ ⟨lm⟩ ⟨ln⟩ ⟨ls⟩ ⟨lsh⟩ ⟨lt⟩ ⟨lth⟩ ⟨lv⟩ ⟨lvh⟩ ⟨lz⟩ ⟨lzh⟩
⟨m⟩
⟨n⟩
⟨r⟩ ⟨rc⟩ ⟨rch⟩ ⟨rd⟩ ⟨rdh⟩ ⟨rm⟩ ⟨rn⟩ ⟨rs⟩ ⟨rsh⟩ ⟨rt⟩ ⟨rth⟩ ⟨rv⟩ ⟨rvh⟩ ⟨rz⟩ ⟨rzh⟩
⟨s⟩
⟨sh⟩
⟨t⟩
⟨th⟩ ⟨thc⟩ ⟨tht⟩
⟨v⟩ ⟨vc⟩ ⟨vd⟩ ⟨vt⟩
⟨vh⟩
⟨z⟩ ⟨zc⟩ ⟨zd⟩ ⟨zt⟩
⟨zh⟩ ⟨zhc⟩ ⟨zhd⟩ ⟨zht⟩

Codas

Some of the onsets and codas above seem to violate the phonotactical rules (e.g., voiced and unvoiced consonants appearing together, as in ⟨cz⟩). This is a result of Nactlylvh’s romanization scheme, and only affects written language. All the clusters above are prounounced in accordance with the phonotactical rules (e.g., ⟨cz⟩ is pronounced /ks/).

Intersyllabic (a.k.a., medial) consonant clusters adhere to the following rules:

No more than three consonants
The first two consonants must together form a legal coda cluster
The last two consonants must together form a legal onset cluster

During affixation, certain phoneme patterns arise which are subject to additional rules. These rules affect both pronunciation and spelling; therefore, they are simpler to explain using romanized examples:

In any pattern of C₁C₂V(V)(C₃)C₂, drop the first occurrence of C₂
- ⟨nactavtre⟩ → ⟨nacavtre⟩
- ⟨rysnanai⟩ → ⟨rysanai⟩
- ⟨umvavtre⟩ → ⟨umavtre⟩
In any pattern of ⟨r⟩VC⟨r⟩, drop the final ⟨r⟩ and double the preceding C
- ⟨dracre⟩ → ⟨dracce⟩
- ⟨tryzre⟩ → ⟨tryzze⟩
- ⟨druchre⟩ → ⟨druchhe⟩
- ⟨drylre⟩ → ⟨drylle⟩
In any pattern of C⟨lr⟩, drop the final ⟨r⟩
- ⟨adhlre⟩ → ⟨adhle⟩
- ⟨ithlre⟩ → ⟨ithle⟩
In any pattern of C⟨l⟩V(V)⟨r⟩, move the ⟨l⟩ to the end of the pattern and drop the ⟨r⟩
- ⟨adhlyr⟩ → ⟨adhyl⟩
- ⟨ithluyr⟩ → ⟨ithuyl⟩
In any pattern of C⟨r⟩⟨r⟩, drop the second ⟨r⟩
- ⟨nutrre⟩ → ⟨nutre⟩
- ⟨etrre⟩ → ⟨etre⟩
In any pattern of ⟨ruyr⟩, drop the first ⟨r⟩
- ⟨nutruyr⟩ → ⟨nutuyr⟩
- ⟨etruyr⟩ → ⟨etuyr⟩
If an illegal medial consonant cluster arises, drop the second consonant; repeat until the cluster is legal
- ⟨nactdrylle⟩ → ⟨nacdrylle⟩
- ⟨umvnactre⟩ → ⟨umnactre⟩

Note that these changes only apply to patterns that appear across syllable boundaries as a result of morphological processes. Uninflected, non-compound words are never affected.

Syllabification

Syllable breaks are placed according to the following rules:

Never divide word-initial consonant clusters: ⟨mvar⟩, ⟨dvus⟩
Divide medial and word-final clusters of two consonants:
- Between nasals and any other consonant: ⟨um-vyr⟩, ⟨uv-n⟩
- Between stops and fricatives at different places of articulation: ⟨ac-zyr⟩, but ⟨u-dzyr⟩
- Between fricatives and approximants: ⟨us-re⟩
- Between any combination that is not a legal onset: ⟨az-zhul⟩
Divide after the first in a three-consonant cluster: ⟨nac-tre⟩, ⟨um-vre⟩
Divide after vowels followed by single consonants: ⟨zy-vyr⟩
Never divide diphthongs: ⟨nuar⟩
Never divide long vowels: ⟨tsy-ly-zaan⟩
Divide between adjacent, non-diphthong vowels: ⟨zi-yr⟩

Stress

Nactlylvh stress is regular and can be determined by following these steps:

Stress the final syllable: ⟨dhavyr⟩
If the final syllable is a standalone nasal or ends in a vowel, move the stress to the penultimate syllable: ⟨dhavre⟩
If the word contains a doubled consonant, move the stress to the vowel immediately preceding the last instance of such phonemes: ⟨azzytyr⟩
If the word contains a long vowel or diphthong, move the stress to the last instance of such phonemes: ⟨sylvaa⟩

Orthography

Romanization

IPA	Romanization
/ɱ/	⟨m⟩
/ɱː/	⟨mm⟩
/n/	⟨n⟩
/nː/	⟨nn⟩
/k/	⟨c⟩
/t/	⟨t⟩
/d/	⟨d⟩
/f/	⟨vh⟩ by itself or adjacent to a nasal or approximant, ⟨v⟩ otherwise
/fː/	⟨vhh⟩
/v/	⟨v⟩
/vː/	⟨vv⟩
/θ/	⟨th⟩
/θː/	⟨thh⟩
/ð/	⟨dh⟩
/ðː/	⟨dhh⟩
/s/	⟨s⟩ by itself or adjacent to a nasal or approximant, ⟨z⟩ otherwise
/sː/	⟨ss⟩
/z/	⟨z⟩
/zː/	⟨zz⟩
/ʃ/	⟨sh⟩ by itself or adjacent to a nasal or approximant, ⟨zh⟩ otherwise
/ʃː/	⟨shh⟩
/ʒ/	⟨zh⟩
/ʒː/	⟨zhh⟩
/x/	⟨c⟩ immediately preceding /t/, ⟨ch⟩ otherwise
/xː/	⟨chh⟩
/χ/	⟨h⟩ by itself, ⟨r⟩ otherwise
/ʁ/	⟨r⟩
/ʁː/	⟨rr⟩
/l/	⟨l⟩
/lː/	⟨ll⟩
/i/	⟨y⟩ between two consonants, ⟨i⟩ otherwise
/iː/	⟨ii⟩
/ɯ/	⟨u⟩
/ɯː/	⟨uu⟩
/ɪ/	⟨e⟩ at the end of a word, ⟨y⟩ otherwise
/ɪː/	⟨yy⟩
/ɪ̯ɛ/	⟨ie⟩
/ɤ/	⟨u⟩
/ɤː/	⟨uu⟩
/ɤ̯ä/	⟨ua⟩
/ɤ̯ɪ/	⟨uy⟩
/ɛ/	⟨y⟩ between two consonants, ⟨e⟩ otherwise
/ɛː/	⟨yy⟩
/ɛɪ̯/	⟨ae⟩
/ʌ/	⟨u⟩
/ʌː/	⟨uu⟩
/ä/	⟨a⟩
/äː/	⟨aa⟩
/äɪ̯/	⟨ai⟩

Romanization

There is some overlap in the romanization of consonants, which can make reading Nactlylvh a little tricky. The following rules should help:

If a lone consonant has variable voicing (i.e., ⟨m n l⟩), it is unvoiced
In consonant clusters:
- If both consonants have the same voicing, use that voicing
- If one of the consonants has variable voicing (i.e., ⟨m n l r⟩), use the other consonant’s voicing (e.g., ⟨mv⟩ is pronounced /ɱv/, but ⟨ms⟩ is pronounced /ɱ̥s/)
- If both consonants have variable voicing, they are unvoiced (e.g., ⟨ml⟩ is pronounced /ɱ̥l̥/)
- If the cluster is a syllable onset, use the first consonant’s voicing (e.g., ⟨dri⟩ is pronounced /dʁi/, ⟨tri⟩ is pronounced /tχi/)
- If the cluster is a syllable coda, use the second consonant’s voicing (e.g., ⟨yvd⟩ is pronounced /ɪvd/, ⟨yvt⟩ is pronounced /ɪft/)
- ⟨h⟩ only appears in clusters as part of a di- or trigraph (e.g., ⟨dh⟩ and ⟨vhh⟩ are pronounced /ð/ and /fː/)

Similarly, the heavy use of ⟨y u⟩ blurs a lot of vowel distinction. But in the case of those two letters, it doesn’t really matter how one reads them, since the differences between the phones they represent are almost never used to distinguish words.

Writing Direction

Native Nactlylvh is written from right to left, top to bottom. However, for convenience, all examples in this guide are written from left to right, as in English.

Capitalization

The following are capitalized:

First word in a sentence
Every word in the name of a specific entity (e.g., a person, place, time, creative work, etc.)

Take special note of the term specific entity. Nactlylvh is far more conservative with its capitalization than English, using it almost exclusively for denoting a unique instance of a thing. For example, ⟨America⟩ would be capitalized because it refers to a specific country, but ⟨american⟩ is not capitalized because it refers to a subgroup of people, not a specific person.

Capitalization of times can be a little trickier for English speakers, although they follow the same rule. The word ⟨day⟩ would not be capitalized, of course, but neither would ⟨sunday⟩ or even ⟨easter⟩. All of those terms refer to subgroups; there’s a new Easter every year, after all. But a one-time event, such as a particularly memorable Easter, may be given a name (e.g., ⟨Great Easter⟩), and that name would be capitalized.

Although it is not a rule, pronouns and other references to deities are often capitalized. A variation on this tendency is that divine references are capitalized only when the speaker is not a deity themself.

Names of languages are not capitalized.

This guide will use English capitalization rules except when presenting Nactlylvh examples.

Punctuation

You can generally use English conventions for punctuation, with a few exceptions:

Commas are usually reserved for separating clauses
Punctuation marks only go inside quotation marks if they are themselves part of the quotation
Semicolons are never used; form separate sentences instead
Exclamation points are rare and viewed similarly to all-caps in English

Alphabetical Order

Nactlylvh uses an alphabetical order that differs from English:

⟨m vh v n t d th s sh dh z zh l c ch h r y i e u a⟩

Alphabetical Order

This order reflects some phonological awareness. Consonants come first, followed by vowels. Consonants are arranged first by position, then closure, and finally voicing. Note that the dental, alveolar, and postalveolar positions are collapsed. Vowels are arranged first by height, then frontness, with ⟨i e⟩ treated as variants of ⟨y⟩.

For convenience, this guide will use English alphabetical order.

Parts of Speech

The Nactlylvh lexicon is organized into nine parts of speech:

Nouns
Prepositions
Determiners
Verbs
Descriptives
Numbers
Conjunctions
Interjections
Particles

Most words undergo some form of inflection. Nactlylvh uses mostly fusional suffixes, although prefixes and agglutinative inflections also occur.

Nouns

Noun roots are the core of Nactlylvh, forming the basis for nearly all other words in the lexicon. There is no verb or descriptive that does not derive from a noun, and many determiners and numbers derive from them as well.

Nactlylvh nouns decline by number and case by applying a declension suffix:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural	Comprehensive	Null
Ergative	⟨aa⟩	⟨uu⟩	⟨ym⟩	⟨ii⟩	⟨ach⟩
Absolutive	⟨yr⟩	⟨ur⟩	⟨yrym⟩	⟨yri⟩	⟨yrach⟩
Reflexive	⟨aar⟩	⟨uur⟩	⟨aarym⟩	⟨aari⟩	⟨aarach⟩
Locative	⟨re⟩	⟨ru⟩	⟨rym⟩	⟨ri⟩	⟨rach⟩
Lative	⟨avtre⟩	⟨avtru⟩	⟨avtrym⟩	⟨avtri⟩	⟨avtrach⟩
Ablative	⟨anai⟩	⟨anui⟩	⟨anym⟩	⟨anyri⟩	⟨anach⟩

Nominal Declension

If the root ends in a consonant, simply append the suffix. If the root ends in a vowel, the suffix replaces the final vowel. This replacement may split up diphthongs. If a replacement results in three identical consecutive vowels, drop one of them (e.g., ⟨aaa⟩ becomes ⟨aa⟩).

The citation form for nouns is the locative singular.

Nactlylvh has five grammatical numbers:

Singular: Singular is used when there is exactly one of a thing (e.g., a tree), or if the thing is uncountable (e.g., water).
Paucal: Paucal can be used for any quantity greater than one, but less than half of the total quantity (e.g., in a group of eight trees, paucal may imply 2–3 trees). In practice, it is reserved for when the speaker wants to emphasize the quantity’s smallness (e.g., a few trees, some trees, a minority of the trees).
Plural: Plural can be used for any quantity that represents half or more of the total quantity, but not all of it (e.g., in a group of eight trees, plural may imply 4–7 trees). In practice, it is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the quantity’s largeness (e.g., several trees, many trees, most trees). Plural also serves as a default when the speaker is unsure which grammatical number to use (e.g., there are trees).
Comprehensive: Comprehensive is used to refer to all members of a given group (e.g., each tree, every tree, all of the trees). This frequently occurs when speaking of a nationality or organization (e.g., Germans, the Boy Scouts).
Null: Null is used to exclude all members of a given group (e.g., no tree, none of the trees).

Nactlylvh has six cases:

Ergative: The ergative case is used for active subjects (i.e., the subject is doing something).
Absolutive: The absolutive case is used for direct objects and passive subjects (i.e., something is happening to the subject).
Reflexive: The reflexive case is used for subjects that perform actions on themselves or—in the case of multiple subjects—each other.
Locative: The locative case is used alongside a preposition to describe static relationships (e.g., in a house, during the battle, of the king). When combined with the relational preposition, it may signify possession. It may also be used without a preposition as a catch-all for any situation not covered by the other cases (e.g., exclamations, direct addresses, etc.).
Lative: The lative case is used alongside a preposition to describe dynamic positive relationships (e.g., into the house, until the battle, for the king).
Ablative: The ablative case is used alongside a preposition to describe dynamic negative relationships (e.g., away from the house, since the battle, against the king).

Nouns may also be modified by a number of derivational inflections to create new nouns:

Derivation	Prefix	Suffix
Augmentative		⟨adh⟩
Diminutive		⟨us⟩
Positive	⟨a⟩
Negative	⟨u⟩
Moderative	⟨y⟩
Associated Agent		⟨uz⟩
Associated Patient		⟨ul⟩
Associated Place		⟨nyn⟩
Associated Container		⟨svulc⟩
Associated Object, Result, or Instance		⟨yt⟩
Associated Collection		⟨hant⟩

Derivational Inflections

These derivations are formed prior to the addition of declension suffixes. Not every noun will make use of every derivation.

Augmentative: The augmentative can be loosely translated as “big X” (e.g., ⟨sword⟩ becomes ⟨greatsword⟩).
Diminutive: The diminutive can be loosely translated as “small X” (e.g., ⟨sword⟩ becomes ⟨dagger⟩).
Positive: The positive derivation is similar to the augmentative, and there is no hard and fast rule about when to use which. Often, the positive derivation is used for subtle variations on a concept rather than a completely new concept, or for variations that are more abstract than physical size (e.g., ⟨posture⟩ becomes ⟨standing posture⟩).
Negative: The negative derivation is similar to the diminutive, and there is no hard and fast rule about when to use which. Often, the negative derivation is used for subtle variations on a concept rather than a completely new concept, or for variations that are more abstract than physical size (e.g., ⟨posture⟩ becomes ⟨lying posture⟩).
Moderative: The moderative derivation lies in the middle of the positive-negative axis, and emphasizes averageness or compromise (e.g., ⟨posture⟩ becomes ⟨sitting posture⟩).
Associated Agent: An agent is a person or device that performs an action associated with the noun (e.g., ⟨pursuit⟩ becomes ⟨hunter⟩).
Associated Patient: A patient is a person or object that receives an action associated with the noun (e.g., ⟨pursuit⟩ becomes ⟨prey⟩), often at the hands of the agent.
Associated Place: A place is a building, room, or geographical location where one would expect to encounter the noun (e.g., ⟨monarch⟩ becomes ⟨palace⟩).
Associated Container: A container is similar to a place, but differs in scale; a container is something one might conceivably carry on their person (e.g., ⟨birth⟩ becomes ⟨egg⟩).
Associated Object: The object derivation is mostly used to distill an abstract noun into something more concrete (e.g., ⟨commerce⟩ becomes ⟨money⟩), or an uncountable noun into something countable (e.g., ⟨water⟩ becomes ⟨droplet⟩). It may also be a tool used by an associated agent (e.g., ⟨child⟩ becomes ⟨toy⟩).
Associated Collection: An associated collection is, as the name implies, a grouping of multiple instances of the base noun (e.g., ⟨bone⟩ becomes ⟨skeleton⟩).

Two or more nouns may be concatenated to form a compound noun. The first noun acts as a modifier to the second, or base noun. Any resulting medial consonant clusters must then be altered to respect Nactlylvh’s phonotactics.

The particle ⟨cu⟩ may be placed before any noun to turn that noun into a query noun (e.g., “thing” becomes “what”, “person” becomes “who”, “sword” becomes “which sword”). Unlike in English, query nouns are not used for subordination. They are used exclusively for forming questions.

Prepositions

Prepositions must always immediately precede a noun in either the locative, lative, or ablative case (the prepositional cases) to form a prepositional phrase.

Nactlylvh has just three prepositions:

Locational ⟨lu⟩: The locational preposition is used to describe spatial relationships (e.g., in the house, toward the house, away from the house).
Temporal ⟨dhu⟩: The temporal preposition is used to describe time-based relationships (e.g., during the battle, until the battle, since the battle).
Relational ⟨vu⟩: The relational preposition is used to describe abstract relationships (e.g., of the king, for the king, against the king).

All prepositional phrases in Nactlylvh serve essentially the same purpose as descriptives; that is, they make a noun or verb more specific.

Determiners

Determiners must always immediately follow the noun they describe. In writing, they are attached to the noun by a hyphen. Nactlylvh has three types of determiners:

Articles
Possessives
Quantifiers

Nactlylvh does not have indefinite articles, but it has two definite articles which double as proximal and distal demonstratives. When deciding which—if any—to use, ask these two questions:

Is the listener familiar with the entity in question (e.g., a wolf vs. the wolf)? If not, don’t use an article
Is the entity in question present with the speaker (e.g., the speaker can see, hear, or touch the wolf)?
- If so, use the proximal definite article ⟨zie⟩
- If not, use the distal definite article ⟨zai⟩
- When in doubt, use ⟨zai⟩

Nactlylvh is not as liberal with its articles as English. Proper nouns almost never take an article; where English would say “the Atlantic Ocean”, Nactlylvh says “Atlantic Ocean”. There’s only one, so the article is redundant. It’s similar to how an English speaker would never say “I went to the New York to visit the David.” As a general rule of thumb, terms that are capitalized in Nactlylvh don’t take articles.

Possessive determiners are equivalent to the English possessive pronouns ⟨my⟩, ⟨your⟩, ⟨its⟩, etc. They inflect based on the grammatical number of their referent, not the number of the noun to which they are attached.

	Singular	Paucal	Plural	Comprehensive	Null
First-Person	⟨zhe⟩	⟨zhu⟩	⟨zhym⟩	⟨zhi⟩	⟨zhach⟩
Second-Person	⟨thi⟩	⟨thu⟩	⟨thym⟩	⟨thyri⟩	⟨thach⟩
Third-Person	⟨ne⟩	⟨nu⟩	⟨nym⟩	⟨ni⟩	⟨nach⟩

Possessive Demonstratives

Numbers may be used as quantifiers, and do not inflect when used as such. Naturally, “zero” may only be attached to null nouns, “one” to singular nouns, and all other counters to paucal, plural, or comprehensive nouns.

A quantifier may be prefixed to any other determiner (e.g., the three swords). The resulting compound determiner must adhere to Nactlylvh’s phonotactics.

Verbs

Verbs conjugate by tense and mood. They may also be modified to act as gerunds. All verbs are derived from noun roots by applying a verbal conjugation suffix:

	Infinitive	Perfect	Imperfect	Future Imperfect	Future Perfect
Indicative	⟨an⟩	⟨yzaan⟩	⟨yzan⟩	⟨yvan⟩	⟨yvaan⟩
Desiderative	⟨yn⟩	⟨uziin⟩	⟨uzyn⟩	⟨uvyn⟩	⟨uviin⟩
Timitive	⟨un⟩	⟨azuun⟩	⟨azun⟩	⟨avun⟩	⟨avuun⟩

Verbal Conjugation

The citation form for verbs is the infinitive indicative.

Nactlylvh verbs have four morphological tenses:

Perfect: The perfect tense is used for completed actions in the past or present (e.g., he ran, he had run, he has run).
Imperfect: The imperfect tense is used for ongoing, continuous, or habitual actions in the past or present (e.g., he was running, he is running, he runs). Although it is used mostly with the present tense, it can be used to approximate a past tense if an appropriate temporal reference point is set (e.g., he is running yesterday). This tense also serves to replace the English modal verb ⟨can⟩ when combined with the indicative mood.
Future Imperfect: The future imperfect tense is used for actions that will be ongoing, continuous, or habitual in the future (e.g., he will run, he will be running). This tense also serves to replace the English modal verb ⟨can⟩ when combined with the indicative mood.
Future Perfect: The future perfect tense is used for actions that will be completed in the future (e.g., he will have run).

Nactlylvh has five verbal moods:

Indicative: The indicative mood is used for statements of fact (e.g., he is speaking). It can be thought of as a default form. When combined with one of the imperfect tenses, it can represent the English modal verb ⟨can⟩. In rare cases, it may be combined with the future perfect tense to form strong commands.
Desiderative: The desiderative mood is used to express desired outcomes (e.g., I hope he speaks) or positive commands (e.g., speak!). It also serves to replace the English modal verbs ⟨should⟩ and ⟨must⟩. Note that although it is often used as an irrealis mood, it can also be used as a realis mood, in which case it conveys the speaker’s emotional response to a factual event. Context is the only way to determine which meaning is intended.
Timitive: The timitive mood is used to express feared outcomes (e.g., I’m afraid he’ll speak) or negative commands (e.g., don’t speak!). It may also serve to replace the negative (i.e., “not”) forms of the English modal verbs ⟨should⟩ and ⟨must⟩. Note that although it is often used as an irrealis mood, it can also be used as a realis mood, in which case it conveys the speaker’s emotional response to a factual event. Context is the only way to determine which meaning is intended.
Negative: The negative mood may be combined with any of the other moods, and is used to invert their meaning (e.g., it is not raining). It is formed by adding the suffix ⟨ach⟩ to the verb.

If an infinitive verb is given a nominal declension suffix, it becomes a gerund. Gerunds can still take subjects and objects when necessary to form complex prepositional phrases.

Descriptives

Descriptives must immediately follow either a noun or verb. If a descriptive follows a noun, it must agree with that noun in number. If it follows a verb, it must agree in number with the verb’s subject.

Descriptives are derived from noun roots by applying a descriptive suffix:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural	Comprehensive	Null
Stative	⟨azhi⟩	⟨azhu⟩	⟨azhym⟩	⟨azhyri⟩	⟨azhach⟩
Causative	⟨uyr⟩	⟨uur⟩	⟨uyrym⟩	⟨uyri⟩	⟨uyrach⟩

Descriptive Suffixes

There are two forms of descriptives:

Stative: The stative is used when the described noun is in a state (e.g., dead).
Causative: The causative is used when the described noun causes a state (e.g., deadly).

Numbers

Nactlylvh uses an octal number system, meaning it only has eight digits (0–7). This is most likely because Nacdrel have four fingers on each hand (for a total of eight), but it may also bear some relation to the fact that Nacdrel revere the moon with its eight cardinal phases.

Decimal Digit	Octal Digit	Name
0	0	⟨ev⟩
1	1	⟨zut⟩
2	2	⟨dul⟩
3	3	⟨syth⟩
4	4	⟨chat⟩
5	5	⟨ez⟩
6	6	⟨as⟩
7	7	⟨en⟩
8	10	⟨lur⟩

Numbers

Numbers larger than ⟨lur⟩ are formed via concatenation.

Decimal Digit	Octal Digit	Name
9	11	⟨lurzut⟩
10	12	⟨lurdul⟩
11	13	⟨lursyth⟩
12	14	⟨lurcat⟩
13	15	⟨luryz⟩
14	16	⟨luras⟩
15	17	⟨luryn⟩
16	20	⟨dullur⟩
17	21	⟨dullurzut⟩
18	22	⟨dullurdul⟩
19	23	⟨dullursyth⟩
20	24	⟨dullurcat⟩
21	25	⟨dulluryz⟩
22	26	⟨dulluras⟩
23	27	⟨dulluryn⟩
24	30	⟨sythlur⟩
32	40	⟨chatlur⟩

Larger Numbers

This method allows numbers up to decimal 63 (⟨enluryn⟩, octal 77). Decimal 64 (octal 100) is formed by compounding ⟨arc⟩ (perfection) and ⟨lur⟩, resulting in ⟨arclur⟩.

Fractions are formed by suffixing ⟨ash⟩. Nactlylvh fractions are never used as ordinals like they are in English.

Ordinals are formed by suffixing ⟨ai⟩. Note that the ordinal “last” is derived not from a number, but from ⟨zyt⟩ (death). The numbers 5–7 may alternatively take a stative descriptive suffix. Ordinal forms are never used for fractions like they are in English.

When used as nouns, numbers take a nominal declension suffix. When speaking of the number itself (e.g., “four is a multiple of two”), the number almost always takes singular inflections. However, it may take plural inflections in rare situations, such as referring to all of the threes in a deck of cards.

When used as a quantifier to count things, as in “five swords,” the number is treated as a determiner.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions may connect individual words, phrases, or sentences. Unless stated otherwise, the order of the connected arguments doesn’t matter.

Conjunction	English Equivalent	Meaning
⟨yl⟩	and	Arguments on either side are treated as a single unit
⟨das⟩	but not, except	The second argument is excluded
⟨syt⟩	and then	The second argument chronologically follows the first
⟨yr⟩	and-or	One or more of the linked arguments may be true at the same time
⟨ec⟩	either-or	Only one of the linked arguments may be true
⟨uv⟩	if-then	If the argument on one side is true, the other is also true
⟨du⟩	however	If the argument on one side is true, the other is false
⟨uvn⟩	therefore	The first argument causes the second
⟨nvu⟩	because	The second argument causes the first
⟨zhra⟩	also	Emphasizes similarity between arguments; the argument being compared against may be omitted

Conjunctions

Interjections

English contains a wide array of utterances that help to guide the flow of conversation, for example: ⟨uh⟩, ⟨oh⟩, ⟨well⟩, ⟨OK⟩, ⟨right?⟩, ⟨mm-hm⟩, etc. These are almost entirely absent among Nacdrel, whose speech is characteristically uncluttered, and aided by a deep racial understanding even between strangers. Other Nactlylvh-speaking races, however, have adopted several markers.

In the following chart, note that the speaker is always the one currently in control of the conversation, or taking a turn. The other party is always the listener, even if they are technically uttering an interjection.

Marker	Uttered by	When	Purpose
⟨reu⟩	Speaker	Before speaker’s own turn	Introduce a new topic, claim the turn
⟨y⟩	Speaker	During speaker’s own turn	Retain the turn during a moment of thought
⟨mve⟩	Speaker	After speaker’s own turn	Complete the current topic, surrender the turn
⟨u⟩	Speaker	After speaker’s own turn	Request the other party to take a turn
⟨ue⟩	Listener	During speaker’s turn	Acknowledge an ongoing turn
⟨aveu⟩	Listener	During speaker’s turn	Steal the turn, introduce a new topic
⟨a⟩	Listener	After speaker’s turn	Acknowledge a finished turn
⟨sa⟩	Listener	After speaker’s turn	Acknowledge a finished turn with agreement or pleasure
⟨cha⟩	Listener	After speaker’s turn	Acknowledge a finished turn with disagreement or displeasure
⟨ere⟩	Listener	After speaker’s turn	Acknowledge a finished turn with confusion, requests clarification

Pragmatic Markers

Particles

Nactlylvh employs a single particle: the interrogative ⟨cu⟩. ⟨cu⟩ may preceed any noun or verb to form a question. The word that ⟨cu⟩ preceeds is the word being questioned (e.g., consider the difference between “Did he read the book?” and “Did he read the book?”).

Syntax

Word Order

Nactlylvh’s case system enables free word order at the sentence level, meaning the major components of a sentence (i.e., subject, object, verb) may technically appear in any order. However, one should be aware of the nuances imparted to a sentence by a chosen arrangement.

The key to understanding how word order affects meaning is emphasis. Nactlylvh places emphasis on the first and last things mentioned, with the last receiving the most attention. Therefore, the first component in a sentence is emphasized as the topic, a piece of information that sets the context for all that follows. The last component in a sentence is emphasized as the comment, a piece of new information, and the sentence’s raison d’être.

The following chart illustrates the differences between the six possible word orders for the simple sentence “I ate the fish.” The translations have been exaggerated to better highlight the nuances:

Order	Nactlylvh	English
SOV	Zhyr czharath-zai nuthyzaan.	As for me, I ate the fish.
SVO	Zhyr nuthyzaan czharath-zai.	As for me, I ate the fish.
OSV	Czharath-zai zhyr nuthyzaan.	As for the fish, I ate it.
OVS	Czharath-zai nuthyzaan zhyr.	As for the fish, it was eaten by me.
VSO	Nuthyzaan zhyr czharath-zai.	On the subject of eating, I did that to the fish.
VOS	Nuthyzaan czharath-zai zhyr.	On the subject of eating, the fish was eaten by me.

Word Order and Emphasis

In the absence of any semantic requirements, a default order of subject-object-verb (SOV) is often used. Individual speakers may also favor other default orders for purely aesthetic reasons.

Free word order does not apply at the phrase level. While subjects, verbs, and objects may be arranged however the speaker wishes, their associated descriptives, determiners, and prepositions must adhere to a strict sequence, which is primarily head-first:

Preposition
Particle
Head Noun or Verb
Determiner
Descriptive
Prepositional Phrase
Subordinate Clause

Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of modifiers (descriptives, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses) that follow the head (the noun or verb). However, the more elements one adds, the harder it is to understand the sentence. As a rule of thumb, a phrase should contain either one prepositional phrase or one subordinate clause. This allows, for example, a prepositional object to itself be modified by a prepositional phrase or subordinate clause without introducing too much ambiguity. Keep things simple, and remember that the prototypical speakers, the Nacdrel, are infamous for their taciturnity.

Contraction

In Nactlylvh, the following parts of speech (elements) are potentially elligible for contraction:

Prepositions
Particles

Those elements must be contracted to the word immediately following them (their successor, always a noun or verb) if any of the following are true:

The successor begins with a vowel
The element’s onset and the successor’s onset together form a legal onset cluster (ignoring any voicing rules)

Contraction is performed by omitting the contracted element’s final vowels and attaching it to its successor with an apostrophe.

Redundancy Deletion

If multiple clauses in a compound sentence share the same subject, object, or verb, all but the first occurrence may be omitted (e.g., “he came and he left” becomes “he came and left”).

If a clause’s subject and object are the same entity, as in reflexive or reciprocal sentences, the object must be omitted (e.g., “he hurt himself” becomes “himself hurt”).

In cases where English requires a dummy subject such as ⟨it⟩, Nactlylvh can simply omit the subject entirely (e.g., “it is raining” becomes “is raining”).

Subordination

Subordinate clauses are simply placed after the word they modify, as if they were descriptives. In writing, they are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas (e.g., “I ate the fish that the man caught” becomes “I ate the fish, the man caught it”).

However, native speakers consider such constructions to be clunky. They instead prefer to set up an appropriate context so that subordinate clauses are unnecessary (e.g., “I ate the fish that the man caught” becomes “I ate that fish”).

Questions

Questions may be formed in one of two ways:

Intonation
The particle ⟨cu⟩

Intonation is the simplest method, but also the least explicit.

The particle ⟨cu⟩ can prompt answers beyond simply “yes” or “no”. It may be placed before the verb, or before any noun to create a query noun.

When the nouns ⟨savre⟩ and ⟨hazre⟩ are used to answer a yes/no question, the case ending may be omitted (e.g., ⟨sav⟩). A plural inflection may be used to answer multiple questions at once (e.g., ⟨savri⟩ “yes to all of the above”) or to qualify an answer (e.g., ⟨savrym⟩ “yes for the most part”).

Commands

Nearly all commands are formed using the desiderative and timitive verbal moods (e.g., “I wish you would go” or “I wish you wouldn’t go). This is the indirect—but polite—way to request something.

A future perfect indicative verb may be used instead (e.g., “you will go”), but this is considered rude and presumptuous. Such direct commands are reserved for those who are particularly prone to disobedience.

Both types of commands may be strengthened by omitting the subject, but only if the subject is also the listener (e.g., “I wish you would go” becomes “I wish would go”).

First- and third-person subjects are possible. “I will go” may be an attempt to motivate oneself. “They will go” can be interpreted as a succinct form of “You (or someone) will order them to go.”

Comparisons

When forming a comparative sentence, first try to use a suitable verb. For instance, instead of saying “John is stronger than David,” say “John overpowers David.”

If an appropriate verb does not exist, then the standard construction for comparative sentences, where x’s quality is being compared against y’s, looks like this:

x compares ⟨lu⟩ quality ⟨vu⟩ y

X always takes the absolutive case. Quality takes the locative case if x’s is equal to or greater than y’s, or the ablative case otherwise. Y takes the ablative case unless both are equal, in which case it takes the locative case. A literal translation of “My son is taller than a tree” would read something like “My son compares with height against a tree.”

The order of the elements can be changed of course, although care should be taken to avoid confusion.

Comparative sentences don’t necessarily need to include a y to compare against, assuming the y is known or unimportant (e.g., “My son compares with height.”).

Nactlylvh gets by without comparative descriptives (e.g., bigger, biggest). Context is enough to determine that, when referring to “the big one,” you mean “the biggest one,” no matter how many large objects are currently present.

Causatives

Causative sentences may be formed in two ways. The first, and most common, lookes like this, where x’s action_x causes y’s action_y:

x action_x action_y ⟨vu⟩ y

X typically takes the ergative case, and action_x is treated as a normal verb. Action_y becomes a gerund in the absolutive case, and y takes the relational locative case. If y is represented by a pronoun, it may instead be appended to action_y as a possessive determiner. A literal translation of “I made him go” would read something like “I caused his going.”

This technique may also be applied beyond causative sentences to any similar verbal relationship, even ones in which the causer-causee relationship is reversed (e.g., “I don’t believe John is telling the truth” becomes “I don’t believe the truth-telling of John”; “I will be happy to go” becomes “I will enjoy my going”).

The second method is to link two independent clauses with the conjunctions ⟨uvn⟩ or ⟨nvu⟩. A literal translation of this method would read something like “I caused, therefore he went” or “He went because I caused.”

Existentials

Existential sentences (e.g., “He is a dog.”) are uncommon in Nactlylvh. Instead, a more colorful, specific verb is used, as in the examples below:

Instead of…	Say…
He is a swordsman.	He wields a sword.
It is deadly.	It kills.
It is black.	It has blackened.
He is three years old.	He has lived three years.

Replacements for Existential Sentences

The verb ⟨ytran⟩ (“to be”) is usually reserved for when a more appropriate verb does not exist. In that case, both the subject and object (if it isn’t a descriptive) take the absolutive case. The subject is not acting as an agent, and the subject and object labels can be swapped without altering the meaning of the sentence.

If the subject instead takes the ergative case, it implies that the subject is actively behaving as something else (e.g., “He is acting like a dog.”).

Semantics

Opposites

Colloquially, English tends to place antonyms on opposite ends of a spectrum:

Dark		Bright

Example of the English Antonym Spectrum

Nactlylvh takes a different perspective:

Dark	Bright	Dark

Example of the Nactlylvh Antonym Spectrum

Reality is viewed as having a default empty state (e.g., dark). Via creative transition (e.g., illuminate), reality can acheive a full state (e.g., bright). Once in a full state, reality can then undergo a destructive transition (e.g., darken) to return to its default state. The table below illustrates this with several examples:

Empty State	Creative Transition	Full State	Destructive Transition	Empty State
nothing	to create	something	to destroy	nothing
stillness	to move	motion	to stop	stillness
death	to birth	life	to kill	death
cold	to burn	warmth	to freeze	cold
darkness	to brighten	light	to darken	darkness
silence	to utter	noise	to quiet	silence
emptiness	to fill	fullness	to empty	emptiness
loneliness	to arrive	companionship	to depart	loneliness
evil	to sanctify	good	to corrupt	evil
apathy	to incite	emotion	to dampen	apathy
dryness	to moisten	moisture	to dry	dryness

States and Transitions

Not everything defaults to an empty state, however, with morality being the most notable exception. Nacdrel believe that reality’s default state was full of goodness, and evil is caused by a removal of the former.

Life, Death, & Time

The most significant abstract concept in Nacdrel culture is the metaphysical trinity of life, death, and time. These elements are what bind a being’s mortal existence.

The Nacdrel concept of life is related to vitality, but not the act of living. Rather, life represents beginnings and positive change.

Death is the polar opposite of life. It represents endings and negative change. However, death is not necessarily associated with evil; Nacdrel consider it to be a natural, neutral part of existence. In fact, they generally hold the concept of death in higher esteem than that of life; they worship a goddess of death, and reality’s default state is dead.

If life and death are opposed to each other, then time is the judge that stands between them. A being is born of life, and leaves the mortal plane via death; time is what measures the space in between. As mentioned, the concept of life does not encompass the act of carrying out one’s existence (i.e., the act of living); that is instead given to the realm of time. Therefore, instead of saying “I live here,” a Nacdrel would say “I wait here.”

Time

It should come as no surprise that “Night-Children” who communicate in “Night-Speech” use a lunar calendar. The moon is an important religious symbol to the Nacdrel. It represents, among other things, the eye of Zetres, their goddess. Therefore, the major divisions of time revolve around the metaphor of an eye or face.

Division	Nactlylvh	English
day	⟨nactre⟩	night
month	⟨lasre⟩	blink
year	⟨nudhre⟩	nod

Lunar Divisions of Time

Note that ⟨nactre⟩ represents both a calendar day and nighttime, similar to how English ⟨day⟩ can mean both a calendar day and daytime.

A Nacdrel calendar day starts at moonrise. A Nacdrel month is the time it takes for the moon to pass through all its phases, with a new month beginning at each new moon. The exact duration of these time units varies from world to world.

Nacdrel do not acknowledge a “week” unit. However, other cultures have adapted the Nacdrel calendar and added the concept of weeks. In these societies, a week begins at the start of each lunar phase. So the week of the new moon starts on the first of the month, and the last week of the month starts at the waning half moon. Some cultures use only the new, full, and half moons, resulting in four weeks per month. Other cultures also incorporate the intermediate phases (crescents and gibbouses) for a total of eight weeks per month. Because Nacdrel don’t observe weeks, there is no native term in Nactlylvh.

In English, we’re accustomed to seasons being described by a metaphor of life and death (e.g., summer = life, winter = death). This metaphor is used by the Nacdrel as well, except they tie it to the power of their goddess of death.

Season	Nactlylvh	English
spring	⟨uynre-ne⟩	Her Waning
summer	⟨nadre-ne⟩	Her Nadir
autumn	⟨uychre-ne⟩	Her Waxing
winter	⟨zythre-ne⟩	Her Zenith

Seasons

When using visual metaphor, Nacdrel culture illustrates time as flowing either downward or leftward, from life to death. When speaking, however, Nactlylvh describes direction in time using dedicated terminology that is completely separate from that used for spatial direction:

Nactlylvh	Translation
⟨nuarazhi⟩	future-ward
⟨duthazhi⟩	past-ward
⟨nuaryn⟩	to move future-ward
⟨duthyn⟩	to move past-ward

Temporal Direction

Kinship

Nactlylvh has an odd kinship system, arising from a mixture of Nacdrel biology and religion. Nacdrel view their deities as the ultimate parents of every created being. Therefore, they consider all people to be siblings, and this is reflected in most kinship terms.

English	Nactlylvh	Literal Translation
parent	⟨azdrylle⟩	life-sibling
father	⟨azdhavre⟩	life-brother
mother	⟨azzhulre⟩	life-sister
child	⟨drylusre⟩	little-sibling
son	⟨dhavusre⟩	little-brother
daughter	⟨zhulusre⟩	little-sister
sibling	⟨drylle⟩	sibling
brother	⟨dhavre⟩	brother
sister	⟨zhulre⟩	sister
spouse	⟨ylddrylle⟩	bond-sibling
husband	⟨ylddhavre⟩	bond-brother
wife	⟨yldzhulre⟩	bond-sister

Kinship Terms

There is another, more direct translation for ⟨parent⟩, but it is used exclusively of deities.

A side effect of this system is that the words for ⟨person⟩ and ⟨sibling⟩ (and their gendered counterparts) are the same; Nactlylvh speakers simply make no linguistic distinction between the two (although being a close blood relative certainly comes with several societal expectations and limitations).

Colors

Nactlylvh colors typically take their names from things that are that color (e.g., ⟨sylvre⟩ “plant” → ⟨green⟩).

The precise breakdown of color categories has its roots in Nacdrel vision. Nacdrel eyes are more sensitive to green and blue wavelengths than human eyes, but less sensitive to red, orange, and yellow. Additionally, Nacdrel are capable of seeing visible light as well as mvadhre, or “anti-light”.

Environment also plays a role in color organization. Nactlylvh is spoken primarily in pole-ward climates where cold hues, such as green and blue, dominate. Warmer colors tend to appear only when the natural state of things has been violated; orange is associated with fire, red with bloodshed.

The result is that while English has six main color categories (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple), Nactlylvh has nine completely different categories, with a heavy emphasis on the green-blue spectrum:

Fire	Disease	Plant	Frost	Spirit	Ice	Day	Dusk	Blood

Colors

Black, white, and gray are straightforward, being named after darkness, light, and twilight, respectively.

The Nactlylvh equivalent to brown is a broad category named after dried blood. It encompasses the darker shades of red, orange, yellow, and magenta (“fire” and “blood” in the chart above).

Names

Nacdrel names are often, though not always, derived from noun roots by applying a gender-based suffix.

Male: ⟨ar⟩, ⟨ym⟩
Female: ⟨iel⟩, ⟨rys⟩

Alternatively, a root may be appropriated unmodified for use as a name.

It is not uncommon for a name to be completely unique. A common word may be modified to suit the namer’s taste, or the name may be invented without any etymology at all. The only guideline for invented names is that it must conform to the language’s phonological rules.

A Nacdrel is typically named twice during its life, once at birth (birth name) and again to mark a defining accomplishment (accolade). Birth names may be arbitrary, or they may carry special significance. Accolades always signify the accomplishment for which they are given.

If a Nacdrel’s birth name and accolade are used together, the birth name comes first, followed immediately by the accolade.

Names always decline by case like regular nouns. The birth name and accolade must agree in case and number.

Military Ranks

Nacdrel military forces are organized according to the metaphor of a torso. The smallest division is called a finger, and from there the ranks ascend through the hand, the arm, and the chest.

Nacdrel units are small, necessitated in part by their low populations. However, Nacdrel are exceptionally skilled and can augment their abilities with magic. A small Nacdrel force can be just as formidable as another army several times its size. Human units, on the other hand, are much larger and form the bulk of an army.

Division	English	Nacdrel Soldiers	Human Soldiers
⟨muctre⟩	finger	8	32
⟨chatre⟩	hand	16–32	64–128
⟨durre⟩	arm	32–64	256–512
⟨dylvre⟩	chest	64–128	1024–2048
⟨cuthre⟩	army	128+	4096+

Military Ranks

Manners

To a Nacdrel, politeness is tied closely with honesty. Amusingly, this often makes them appear rude in other cultures where flattery is preferred to bluntness.

There is also a tendency toward reticence; as a rule, Nacdrel will say no more than what must be said. This is related to politeness (not wanting to waste the listener’s time), but it also touches on several other facets of Nacdrel culture, such as their racial melancholia and deep understanding of each other.

Tone of voice plays a large role in Nacdrel manners. Nactlylvh voicing and stress are subtle. Loud, strongly emphasized speech is a sign of disrespect. This is relative; the threshold between politeness and rudeness is stricter amongst Nacdrel, who are naturally soft-spoken, and more forgiving amongst other races.

Nactlylvh has no equivalent to the English ⟨please⟩ and ⟨thank you⟩. The closest one can get to making a polite request is to speak in a slightly higher, softer voice with a rising intonation. Grattitude is typically expressed through actions and demeanor rather than words.

Nactlylvh has four registers of speech organized by degree of formality:

Familiar
Formal
Honorific
Divine

The familiar register is used between friends. It is standard Nactlylvh, but with a lot of room for sloppy grammar. Most notably, this is the only level where given names are regularly used.

The formal register is used when the listener’s authority, power, or honor are lower than or equal to the speaker’s, and the two are not closely acquainted. It is very similar to the familiar level, except proper grammar is more closely observed, and accolades are preferred over given names.

The honorific register is used when the listener is above the speaker in authority, power, or honor. Proper grammar is strictly observed, and given names are never used. In this level, the default SOV sentence order is more common, only being altered for particular emphasis.

Note that the registers are chosen based on the speaker’s relationship to the listener. In a conversation between a peasant and a king, the peasant would speak in the honorific register, while the king would use the formal register. When speaking to a group of mixed or unknown status, use the highest appropriate register.

The familiar register can sometimes override the honorific register. If the king and peasant were good friends, either of them might use the familiar register, although manners would dictate that the king initiate its use.

Finally, the divine register is used exclusively for religious contexts, especially public prayers. It is identical to the honorific register, except no reference to the listener (i.e., the deity) is ever spoken, be it a name, title, or pronoun.

Samples

Lytre vu Drylle

The “Child’s Welcome” was first spoken by Queen Naactres to Vreith Nightstorm. It has since become a tradition to recite this passage to all newborn Nacdrel.

Note in the last line how free word order is used to create a poetic symmetry, emphasizing and linking the verbs ⟨mourn⟩ and ⟨heal⟩.

Ziyr mathuzyn drylaa: thyr zutyzaanach.: Know this, child: you are not alone.
Uvadhaa thyr nuthyzan; naa nuthyzan zhyri nvu zhyri azyzaan lu Azzhulanai-zhym, Naa uvadhyzan vu zytanai.: Grief consumes you; it consumes us all; for were were born of our Mother; who grieves without end.
Uvadhyzan zhii l’yldre yl l’yldre zhii avnyzan.: We mourn together; and together we heal.

Hychre vu Nyzachymre

Tradition asserts that when the slain god Nezachim had recovered enough power to once again influence the world, certain individuals of a particularly sensative nature “heard” a terrible voice. Their reports coalesced into the “Curse of Nezachim”, the words spoken by the evil prince as he began his war against all living things.

Lu thralavtre-zai vu mazmre-zhe mutuviin zvyrdryvtyri-zai vu Zvyrielle, luvazyri-zai vu Luvielre lu azurzavtre-zai vu tzynre-zhe.: Make Zviriel’s currents the bearer of my plague; Luviel’s springs the source of my venom.
Chashii-zai vu Vyrushymre nuthyvaan vrytyri-nym syt Raicalymaa racyvaan usyrym-nym.: Verushim’s flames shall devour their flesh; and Raicalim shall bury their bones.
Shynlylvhyri-nym dlynuvyn Azdhavaa vu darthanai!: Hear their cries; loveless Father!
Azzhulaa chazuyr ucluvyn, thaa nyr cytyzaan vu nanym!: Treacherous Mother; see to what thou hast subjected them!
Thuu dhavusyr-thym zutai nlysyzaan uvn naa ryvyr-zai vu drylusyri-thym truvhyvaan lu shynadhavtre vu zytanai.: Thou casteth down thy firstborn; now he shall drag the rest of thy children into eternal anguish.
Vyzcyri-nym drylyvan drylusam-zhe, curnyri-nym hydhyvaan drylusam-zhe.: Their entrails shall be the playthings of my children; their skin my offspring’s cloaks.
Syt zulre-nym…zulyri-nym zhaa ryzyvaan, drythzulyrym-zai umvazhi, nii vyzcyvaan vu thyvtru dhu zytanai vu drylli.: And their souls…their souls shall be my trophies; the blackened ghosts that come for thee when everyone else is dead.

Tryztre vu Vlaedym-zai vu Zytrysse

The “Oath of the Knights of Zetres” is taken by new recruits of that organization, and serves as the central element in their initiation ceremony.

Note the prepositional phrase “under this moonlight” in the first line. It should technically be placed after the verb ⟨tryztyzan⟩, but it is instead placed closer to the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. This is allowed in poetic language because the meaning is still clear; whether the phrase modifies the action or the speaker makes no significant difference.

Also note that, due to Nactlylvh’s reduced prepositional inventory compared to English, there is no distinction between “in” and “under”; the form ⟨lu⟩ + locative case is used for both.

Zhaa lu lurlaesre-zie v’ucle-ne tryztyzan thralynyr-zhe vu dhrulavtre-zai vu Zytrysse.: Under this moonlight of Her gaze, I swear to bear the will of Zetres.
Syctyr-zai vu zytre zhaa dhryzyvan, nyvuzyrym-zai vhylyvan dhu zytavtre-nym syt nuarazhi avnyr-nym.: I will honor the sanctity of death by guarding the innocent until their end, and guarding their rest afterward.
Tzavzhulyr-zai zhaa vhylyvan, zhulusre yl lylvhuzre zutai vu Zytrysse.: I will defend the queen, who is Zetres’ first daughter and prophetess.
Azyr-zhe zhaa zylmyvan vu ziavtre syt zhyr ziaa yldyvan dhu truvhanavtre Zytrysaa zhyr l’uthavtre.: For this I give my life, and by this I shall be bound until Zetres gathers me home.

Sample Sentences

Zhaa mathyvaan vu thyvtre lylvhyr-zie vu nacdrylli: nactlylvhre.: I will teach you the language of the Nacdrel: Nactlylvh.
Zhaa nactlylvhyzan.: I speak Nactlylvh.
Naa vhluryr-zai tazyzaan lu vhlusavtre-ne syt nuzyzaan.: She raised the flower to her nose and smiled.
Naa zylmyzaan lu nyvtre zvathyr.: She gave him a sword.
Dhavaar-zhe myrcyzaan dhu zlytre-zai.: My brother hid himself during the battle.
Nutryzan zhaa thyr.: I love you.
Umvaa zhianyzan vyztyr-thi, lurlaesaa zulyr-thi.: Darkness forms your body; moonlight your spirit.
Czharyr-zai, nyr dhavaa-zai mvundyzaan, zhaa nuthyzaan.: I ate the fish that the man caught.
Zhuu lytyzaan drylyr vu nactre.: We met a child of the night.
Dhavaa-zie azdhavyr-zhe zytyzaan.: This man killed my father.
Zytyr c’zhytyr ytryzan uv ytryzanach darclytyr?: What is death but reunion?

Lexicon

This lexicon is organized alphabetically according to English conventions. Nouns are given in the singular locative case, and verbs are given in the infinitive.

a: interjection; I see; mm-hm; oh?; ah
adysadhazhi: descriptive; huge; enormous; gigantic
adysadhre: noun; hugeness; enormity
adysan: verb; to grow in size or volume
adysazhi: descriptive; big; large
adysre: noun; bigness; largeness
alyndadhazhi: descriptive; extremely long (spatial)
alyndadhre: noun; extreme longness (spatial)
alyndan: verb; to lengthen (spatial)
alyndazhi: descriptive; long (spatial)
alyndre: noun; longness (spatial)
alythan: verb; to stand
alythazhi: descriptive; upright; standing; erect
alythre: noun; upright, erect, or standing posture
arcan: verb; to perfect
arcazhi: descriptive; perfect
arcre: noun; perfection; paragon; ideal
arcuyr: descriptive; perfecting
as: number; six
athvan: verb; to suppress emotion; to express indifference
athvazhi: descriptive; apathetic; indifferent; dispassionate
athvre: noun; apathy; indifference; dispassion
athvuyr: descriptive; uninteresting; boring; insignificant; sedative; suppressive
avaztadhazhi: descriptive; extremely wide, fat, or broad
avaztadhre: noun; extreme wideness, fatness, or broadness
avaztan: verb; to widen; to fatten; to broaden; to grow in width
avaztazhi: descriptive; wide; fat; broad
avaztre: noun; wideness; fatness; broadness
aveu: interjection; pardon me, but; hold on; excuse me; hey, listen!
avnan: verb; to rest; to heal; to recuperate
avnazhi: descriptive; rested; healed; recuperated
avne: noun; rest; healing; recuperation
avnnynre: noun; hospital
avnuyr: descriptive; restful; healing; recuperative
avnuzre: noun; doctor; healer
azan: verb; to be alive; to give life; to give birth; to be born; to begin; to become conscious for the first time
azazhi: descriptive; alive; vivacious; awake; conscious
azcadhazhi: descriptive; spherical
azcadhre: noun; sphere
azcazhi: descriptive; round; circular
azcre: noun; circle; ring; roundness
azdhavre: noun; father
azdrylan: verb; to parent; to birth or raise a child
azdrylle: noun; parent
azre: noun; life; birth; beginning; wakefulness; consciousness
Azrymme: noun; god of life
azsvulcre: noun; womb; egg
azuyr: descriptive; vital; necessary for life; life-sustaining
azuzre: noun; life-giver; source; origin
azydadhazhi: descriptive; extremely tall or deep
azydadhre: noun; extreme tallness or deepness
azydan: verb; to grow in height or depth; to deepen
azydazhi: descriptive; tall; deep
azydre: noun; tallness; deepness
azzhulre: noun; mother
cavlan: verb; to disorder; to disorganize; to break the law
cavlazhi: descriptive; chaotic; disordered; lawless
cavle: noun; chaos; disorder; lawlessness
cavuyl: descriptive; disordering; unlawful; criminal
cha: interjection; oh no!; ew; grr; uh-uh; aw man
chantan: verb; to cast magic
chantazhi: descriptive; imbued with magic
chantre: noun; magic; sorcery
chantuyr: descriptive; generates or imbues with magic
chantuzre: noun; magician; sorcerer
chantytre: noun; magic spell
chashadhan: verb; to explode; to erupt
chashadhre: noun; inferno; fiery explosion; eruption
chashan: verb; to set on fire; to burn; to cook; to make or become orange
chashazhi: descriptive; fiery; aflame; orange or yellow; cooked; burnt
chashnynre: noun; kitchen
chashre: noun; fire; orange or yellow color
chashsvulcre: noun; fireplace; oven; stove; furnace
chashusre: noun; candle; small flame
chat: number; four
chatan: verb; to slap; to clap
chatre: noun; hand; quartet
chaturnan: verb; to bend or rotate the wrist
chaturnre: noun; wrist
chazan: verb; to betray; to commit treason; to mistrust; to be unfaithful; to be unreliable; to be inaccurate
chazazhi: descriptive; untrustworthy; unreliable
chazre: noun; betrayal; treachery; treason; distrust; suspicion; inaccuracy
chazuyr: descriptive; treacherous; treasonous; unfaithful; untrustworthy; unreliable; inaccurate
chazuzre: noun; traitor; betrayer
chysman: verb; to color
chysmazhi: descriptive; colorful; colored
chysmre: noun; color; hue
crucce: noun; frog; toad
crusan: verb; to make or become crescent; to collapse; to drain to less than half full; to move leftward
crusazhi: descriptive; crescent; concave; less than half full; left-handed
crusse: noun; crescent moon; concavity; left-hand side
cruvan: verb; to corrupt; to contaminate; to violate
cruvazhi: descriptive; corrupted; contaminated; violated
cruvuyr: descriptive; corrupting; contaminating; violating
cruvuzre: noun; contaminant; violator
cruvve: noun; corruption; contamination; unholiness; violation
crymme: noun; milk; cream
crysan: verb; to freeze; to encase or coat in ice; to make or become a pale blue-cyan color
crysazhi: descriptive; frozen; encased in ice; icy; pale blue-cyan
crysse: noun; ice; pale color between blue and cyan
cryvan: verb; to own; to posess; to have; to keep; to hold
cryvazhi: descriptive; owned; possessed; kept; held
cryvuyr: descriptive; wealthy; rich
cryvve: noun; ownership; possession; property; wealth; asset
cthanazhi: descriptive; responsible; guilty
cthanre: noun; responsibility; blame; guilt
cthanuzre: noun; one responsible; guilty one
curnre: noun; skin; flesh; sense of touch
cytan: verb; to do
cytre: noun; action; verb
cyvhre: noun; cow; buffalo
cyztan: verb; to name; to identify; to call (a name)
cyztazhi: descriptive; named; identified; called (a name)
cyztlytan: verb; to introduce
cyztlytre: noun; introduction
cyztre: noun; name; identity
cyztuyr: descriptive; naming; identifying
cyztuzre: noun; namer; identifyer
czharan: verb; to swim
czharre: noun; fish
darcan: verb; to reflect; to repeat; to duplicate; to copy
darcazan: verb; to resurrect; to resuscitate; to wake; to regain consciousness
darcazhi: descriptive; reflected; repeated; again
darcazre: noun; resurrection
darclytan: verb; to reunite; to reconvene; to meet again
darclytre: noun; reunion
darcre: noun; reflection; repetition; twin; duplicate; copy
darcuyr: descriptive; reflecting; repeating
darcuzre: noun; mirror; reflector; repeater; duplicator; copier
darthan: verb; to care for; to empathize with; to love
darthazhi: descriptive; cared for; loved
darthre: noun; compassion; empathy; affection; brotherly love
darthurzan: verb; to befriend
darthurzuyr: descriptive; friendly
darthuyr: descriptive; caring; compassionate; empathetic; loving
darthuzre: noun; friend
das: conjunction; but not, except
dazhan: verb; to compare; to judge between; to measure
dazhre: noun; comparison
dhamdrylan: verb; to be a Dhamdrel
dhamdrylle: noun; race name, “Bat-Child”
dhamvre: noun; bat; any winged mammal
dhavadhre: noun; adult man; big brother
dhavazhi: descriptive; masculine; manly; brotherly
dhavre: noun; man; brother
dhavusre: noun; boy; son; little brother
dhrulan: verb; to will; to desire
dhrulazhi: descriptive; willful; stubborn
dhrulle: noun; will; volition; desire; wish
dhryman: verb; to twinkle; to sparkle
dhrymazhi: descriptive; starry; diamond-studded; bejeweled
dhrymme: noun; star; diamond; jewel; gemstone
dhrymnynre: noun; gemstone mine
dhrymuzre: noun; astronomer; jeweler
dhrymytre: noun; jewelry
dhryzadhan: verb; to inspire awe and terror
dhryzadhazhi: descriptive; simultaneously awed and terrified
dhryzadhre: noun; simultaneous awe and terror
dhryzan: verb; to respect; to honor
dhryzazhi: descriptive; respectful
dhryzze: noun; respect; honor
dhu: preposition; temporal preposition (e.g., during, before, after, etc.
dhuradhre: noun; boulder
dhuran: verb; to build with or carve from stone or brick
dhurazhi: descriptive; stony; rocky; made of stone or brick
dhurnynre: noun; quarry; mine
dhurre: noun; rock; stone; brick
dhurusse: noun; pebble
dhuruzze: noun; mason; stoneworker
dhynre: noun; country; land; realm
dlynan: verb; to hear; to listen
dlynre: noun; ear; sense of hearing
dlynuyr: descriptive; noisy; loud; audible
dlynuzre: noun; listener
dlynytre: noun; sound; noise
dracazhi: noun; canine
dracce: noun; wolf; dog
draechhe: noun; dragon; wyvern; any winged reptile
druchan: verb; to create and sustain as a deity; to parent
druchazhi: descriptive; divine; godly
druchhe: noun; deity; god
drudhan: verb; to work with or craft from wood
drudhazhi: descriptive; wooden
drudhhe: noun; wood
drudhuzre: noun; woodworker; carpenter
druvadhan: verb; to terrify
druvadhazhi: descriptive; terrified
druvadhre: noun; terror
druvadhuyr: descriptive; terrifying
druvan: verb; to scare; to frighten
druvazhi: descriptive; scared; afraid; fearful; frightened
druvlylvhan: verb; to scream in fear
druvlylvhre: noun; frightened scream
druvusan: verb; to creep out
druvusazhi: descriptive; nervous; uneasy; creeped out
druvusse: noun; nervousness; unease; creepiness
druvusuyr: descriptive; creepy
druvuyr: descriptive; scary; frightening
druvve: noun; fear; fright
dryladhre: noun; adult; big sibling
drylle: noun; person; sibling; child
drylusan: verb; to play
drylusazhi: descriptive; childish; playful
drylusre: noun; young child; baby; little sibling
drylusytre: noun; toy
drythadhan: verb; to horrify
drythadhazhi: descriptive; horrified
drythadhre: noun; horror; abhorrence
drythadhuyr: descriptive; horrifying; horrific; abhorrent
drythan: verb; to disturb; to disgust
drythazhi: descriptive; disturbed; disgusted
drythhe: noun; disturbance; disgust
drythusan: verb; to disconcert
drythusazhi: descriptive; uncomfortable
drythusre: noun; discomfort
drythusuyr: descriptive; disconcerting
drythuyr: descriptive; disturbing; disgusting
dryvtan: verb; to move; to act
dryvtazhi: descriptive; mobile; active
dryvtre: noun; motion; movement; activity
dryzan: verb; to practice or display physical skill or dexterity
dryzazhi: descriptive; dexterous; physically skilled
dryzze: noun; dexterity; physical skill
du: conjunction; however; but
dul: number; two
dulre: noun; pair; duo; couple
duman: verb; to choose; to decide
dumazhi: descriptive; chosen; decided; fated; doomed; destined
dumre: noun; choice; decision; fate; doom; destiny
dumuyr: descriptive; decisive
durre: noun; upper arm; shoulder
dururnan: verb; to bend or rotate the shoulder joint
dururnre: noun; shoulder joint
duthan: verb; to come before; to preceed; to move backward in time
duthazhi: descriptive; previous; old; historic; backward in time
duthdrylazhi: descriptive; ancestral
duthdrylle: noun; ancestor
duthlasre: noun; last month
duthnactre: noun; yesterday; last night
duthnudhre: noun; last year
duthre: noun; past; previous thing; predecessor
duthylvre: noun; yesterday morning
dvusan: verb; to dry; to evaporate; to thirst; to dehydrate
dvusazhi: descriptive; dry; dehydrated; thirsty
dvusre: noun; dryness; desert; thirst; dehydration; evaporation
dvusuyr: descriptive; drying; dehydrating
dvuthre: noun; moth; butterfly
dylvre: noun; chest; upper back; torso
dylvurnan: verb; to bend or twist at the waist
dylvurnre: noun; waist, particularly the joints of the spine immediately below the ribcage
dysre: noun; size; volume
dyvan: verb; to weaken; to give way
dyvazhi: descriptive; weak; fragile; delicate
dyvre: noun; weakness; fragility
dzynan: verb; to operate a machine or device; to engineer; to mechanize; to motorize
dzynazhi: descriptive; mechanical; technological; motorized; engineered
dzynre: noun; engine; device; motor; machine; technology; mechanism
dzynuzre: noun; engineer; mechanic; technician
ec: conjunction; exclusive or; either-or
en: number; seven
ere: interjection; huh?; pardon?; what?
esan: verb; to express emotion; to incite emotion
esazhi: descriptive; emotional; sensitive
esre: noun; emotion; feeling
ev: number; zero
evan: verb; to empty; to vanish; to disappear; to be absent; to obliviate; to destroy; to annihilate
evazhi: descriptive; empty; absent
evre: noun; new moon; nothingness; emptiness; absence; oblivion; annihilation; destruction
ez: number; five
hantadhan: verb; to crowd
hantadhre: noun; large group; crowd
hantan: verb; to accompany; to accessorize; to go with; to collect; to gather
hantazhi: descriptive; accompanied; accessorized; collected; gathered
hantazhi: descriptive; crowded
hantre: noun; companionship; company; accompaniment; accessory; small group; collection; gathering
hantuyr: descriptive; accompanying; accessorizing
havan: verb; to energize; to motivate; to encourage
havazhi: descriptive; energized; motivated; enterprising
havre: noun; energy; motivation; gumption; initiative; encouragement
havuyr: descriptive; energizing; motivating; encouraging
hazan: verb; to deny; to refute; to contradict; to negate
hazre: noun; no (answer to a question); denial; refutation; contradiction; negation
hurcre: noun; pig; hog; boar
hychan: verb; to curse; to hex; to bestow bad luck or misfortune
hychazhi: descriptive; cursed; hexed; unfortunate
hychre: noun; curse; hex; bad luck; misfortune; malediction
hydhan: verb; to wear; to clothe; to dress
hydhazhi: descriptive; clothed; dressed
hydhre: noun; cloak; clothing
hydhsvulcre: noun; wardrobe; closet; dresser
hydhuzre: noun; tailor; seamstress
hyshadhan: verb; to make or be silent
hyshadhazhi: descriptive; silent
hyshadhre: noun; silence
hyshan: verb; to make or be quiet
hyshazhi: descriptive; quiet
hyshlylvhan: verb; to whisper
hyshlylvhazhi: descriptive; whispered
hyshlylvhre: noun; whisper
hyshlylvhuyr: descriptive; whispering
hyshre: noun; quietude
ithlan: verb; wield a bow and arrow
ithle: noun; bow (and arrow)
ithluzre: noun; archer
iztan: verb; to distance; to create space between; to separate
iztazhi: descriptive; distant; far away; separated
iztre: noun; distance; spacing; margin; interval (spatial); break (spatial); separation (spatial)
laesadhazhi: descriptive; overwhelmingly bright; pure white
laesadhre: noun; overwhelming brightness; pure white color
laesan: noun; to brighten; to illuminate; to lighten; to whiten
laesazhi: descriptive; bright; light; white
laesre: noun; light; brightness; white color
laesuyr: noun; illuminating; brightening; lightening; whitening
laesuzze: noun; lamp; torch; light; illuminator
laesytre: noun; ray or beam of light
lasan: verb; to blink
lasre: noun; eyelid; month
lu: preposition; locational preposition (e.g., in, to, from, etc.)
ludan: verb; to tap one’s foot; to walk
luddhurre: noun; foundation; cornerstone
ludre: noun; foot
ludurnan: verb; to bend, twist, or rotate the ankle
ludurnre: noun; ankle
lur: number; eight
lurlaesre: noun; moonlight
lurre: noun; moon
lurzan: verb; to lie; to deceive; to fake
lurzazhi: descriptive; fake; false
lurzuyr: descriptive; deceptive; deceitful; dishonest
lurzuzre: noun; liar; faker; deceiver; dishonest person
luthan: verb; to drain, to sap, to empty
luthazhi: descriptive; drained, lethargic, inert, empty
luthre: noun; drainage, lethargy, inertia, emptiness
luvan: verb; wetten; moisten; liquify
luvazhi: descriptive; wet; moist
luvdryvte: noun; water current
luvnynadhre: noun; sea; ocean
luvnynre: noun; pond; lake
luvnynusre: noun; puddle
luvre: noun; water; liquid; moisture
luvvuchan: verb; to sail; to drive, ride, or travel by boat or submarine
luvvuchre: noun; boat; ship; submarine
luvvuchuzre: noun; sailor
luvytre: noun; drop of water
luzre: noun; lie; falsehood; deception; fakery; dishonesty
lylvhadhan: verb; to yell; to shout; to speak loudly or brashly
lylvhadhre: noun; shout; big voice; brash voice
lylvhan: verb; to speak; to tell; to say; to communicate
lylvhmuctan: verb; to lick; to taste
lylvhmuctre: noun; tongue; sense of taste
lylvhmuctytre: noun; flavor; taste
lylvhre: noun; mouth; jaw; chin; cheek; speech; voice; language
lylvhurnan: verb; to open or close the mouth; to rotate the jaw joint
lylvhurnre: noun; jaw joint
lylvhusan: verb; to speak gently or timidly
lylvhusre: noun; small voice; timid voice
lylvhuyr: descriptive; talkative; wordy
lylvhuzre: noun; speaker
lylvhytre: noun; spoken word
lyndluvre: noun; river
lyndluvusre: noun; stream; creek; brook
lyndre: noun; length (spatial)
lyrmre: noun; snake; wyrm
lysan: verb; to make or be still, to hold in place, to stop
lysazhi: descriptive; still, motionless
lysre: noun; stillness
lytan: verb; to meet; to socialize; to fellowship; to converge
lythan: verb; to assume a posture, position, or stance
lythazhi: descriptive; posed; poised
lythre: noun; pose; poise; posture; stance
lytre: noun; meeting; socialization; fellowship; society; convergence
maclylvhan: verb; to scream or shout in surprise
maclylvhre: noun; cry or shout of surprise
macvadhan: verb; to panic
macvadhazhi: descriptive; panicked; hysterical
macvadhre: noun; panic; hysteria
macvadhuyr: descriptive; panic-inducing
macvan: verb; to shock; to surprise; to astonish; to frighten; to startle
macvazhi: descriptive; shocked; surprised; astonished; frightened; startled
macvre: noun; shock; surprise; astonishment; fear
macvusan: verb; to astonish; to surprise
macvusazhi: descriptive; astonished; surprised
macvusre: noun; astonishment; surprise
macvusuyr: descriptive; astonishing; surprising
macvuyr: descriptive; shocking; surprising; astonishing; frightening; startling
macvuzre: noun; shocker; frightener; one who surprises or astonishes
mathan: verb; to know; to teach; to learn
mathazhi: descriptive; knowledgeable
mathnynre: noun; school
mathre: noun; knowledge
mathuzre: noun; teacher
matre: noun; mouse; rat
mazhan: verb; to move forward; to move toward the front
mazhre: noun; front
mazman: verb; to make or become sick or ill; to make or become a green-yellow color
mazmazhi: descriptive; sick; ill; diseased; pale yellow-green
mazme: noun; sickness; disease; illness; pale color between green and yellow
mazmuyr: descriptive; sickening
mrazan: verb; to practice or display cognitive skill or intelligence; to think through; to outsmart
mrazazhi: descriptive; intelligent; smart; clever; cognitively skilled
mrazze: noun; intellect; intelligence; cognitive skill
muctan: verb; to point; to poke; to scratch; to maul
muctre: noun; digit; finger; toe; fingernail; toenail; claw; talon; ability to point; ability to scratch; ability to maul
mucturnan: verb; to bend the knuckle
mucturnre: noun; knuckle
murdazhi: descriptive; of this world
murdre: noun; world; planet
murtadhan: verb; to last or continue forever; to live forever
murtadhazhi: descriptive; eternal; unending; immeasurable; immortal; permanent
murtadhre: noun; eternity; forever; immortality; permanence
murtan: verb; to live; to age; to wait; to continue; to measure
murtazhi: descriptive; old; aged; patient; continuous; long (time)
murthre: noun; worm; caterpillar; slug; snail; maggot
murtnynre: noun; house (building)
murtre: noun; time; age; measurement; continuation; duration
murtusan: verb; to last or continue a short time
murtusazhi: descriptive; momentary; brief; temporary; short (time)
murtusre: noun; moment; short duration
murtuzre: noun; clock; guage; scale; ruler
murvan: verb; to do good deeds; to be righteous
murvlytan: verb; to say hello; to welcome
murvlytre: noun; hello; welcome (as a greeting)
murvlytuyr: descriptive; welcoming; inviting
murvre: noun; goodness; righteousness
murvtyrnan: verb; to say goodbye or farewell
murvtyrnre: noun; goodbye; farewell
murvuyr: descriptive; good; righteous
murvuzre: noun; one who does good deeds; a righteous person
murvytre: noun; good deed or event
mutan: verb; to transform; to change; to mutate; to transition; to alter
mutazhi: descriptive; transformed; changed; mutant; transitioned; altered
mutre: noun; transformation; change; mutation; transition; alteration
mutuyr: descriptive; transforming; changing; mutating; transitioning; altering
mvadhan: verb; to destroy light
mvadhre: noun; anti-light; dark matter
mve: interjection; that’s that; the end; so there
mvundan: verb; to hunt; to pursue; to stalk; to prey upon; to search; to seek
mvundazhi: descriptive; hunted; pursued; stalked; preyed upon; chased; sought after
mvundre: noun; hunt; pursuit; predation; search
mvundulre: noun; prey; game; quarry
mvunduyr: descriptive; hunting; pursuing; stalking; predatory; searching
mvunduzre: noun; hunter; pursuer; stalker; predator; seeker
mvusan: verb; to cast a shadow
mvusazhi: descriptive; shadowed; shadowy
mvusre: noun; shadow
mvusuzre: noun; one who casts a shadow
myrcan: verb; to eclipse; to occlude; to cover; to hide; to mask; to veil
myrcazhi: descriptive; eclipsed; occluded; covered; hidden; veiled; masked
myrcre: noun; eclipse; occlusion; covering; mask; veil; curtain
myrcuyr: descriptive; eclipsing; occluding; covering; hiding; veiling; masking
mythan: verb; to frost over; to make or become a pale green-cyan color
mythazhi: descriptive; frosty; frosted; pale green-cyan
mythre: noun; frost; pale color between green and cyan
myztadhan: verb; to investigate
myztadhazhi: descriptive; mysterious
myztadhre: noun; mystery
myztadhuyr: descriptive; investigative
myztadhuzre: noun; investigator; detective
myztadhytre: noun; solution to a mystery
myztan: verb; to ask; to inquire; to question
myztre: noun; question; inquiry
myztusan: verb; to ask a rhetorical question; to pose a riddle; to ask a silly question
myztusazhi: descriptive; rhetorical (question); silly or unnecessary (question)
myztusre: noun; rhetorical question; riddle; silly question
myztusuzre: noun; one who asks a rhetorical question; riddler; one who asks silly questions
myztusytre: noun; answer to a rhetorical question; solution to a riddle
myztuyr: descriptive; curious; inquisitive
myztuzre: noun; one who asks a question; questionnaire; survey; quiz; test
myztytre: noun; answer to a question
mzaran: verb; to trade; to exchange; to purchase; to buy
mzarnynre: noun; market; shop; store
mzarre: noun; trade; exchange; purchase
mzarsvulcre: noun; wallet; purse
mzaruzze: noun; buyer; customer
mzarytre: noun; money
nacdrylan: verb; to be a Nacdrel
nacdrylle: noun; race name, “Night-Child”
nactadhre: noun; dead of night; darkest part of the night
nactlylvhan: verb; to speak Nactlylvh
nactlylvhre: noun; language name, “Night-Speech”
nactre: noun; nighttime; calendar day
nactusazhi: descriptive; dusky; purple
nactusre: noun; dusk; purple color
nadan: verb; to fall; to descend; to move downward
nadazhi: descriptive; bottom; lower; shorter; downward
nadre: noun; bottom; minimum; nadir
nadre-ne: noun; summer
nathadhre: noun; the unknowable; impossibility of knowledge
nathadhuyr: descriptive; unknowable
nathan: verb; to not know; to be ignorant
nathazhi: descriptive; ignorant; knowledge-less
nathre: noun; the unknown; lack of knowledge; ignorance
nathulre: noun; one who doesn’t know; an ignorant person
nathuyr: descriptive; unknown
ne: determiner; his; hers; its
nre: noun; he; him; himself; she; her; herself; it; itself
nuaran: verb; to come after; to proceed; to move forward in time
nuarazhi: descriptive; futuristic; next; new; afterward; forward in time
nuardrylle: noun; descendant
nuarlasre: noun; next month
nuarnactre: noun; tomorrow; tomorrow night
nuarnudhre: noun; next year
nuarre: noun; future; next thing; successor
nuarylvre: noun; tomorrow morning
nudhan: verb; to nod; to shake one’s head
nudhre: noun; head; skull; year
nudhurnan: verb; to turn or tilt the head
nudhurnre: noun; joint that connects the neck to the head
nusazhi: descriptive; stolen; taken; seized
nusvan: verb; to steal; to take; to seize
nusvre: noun; theft; robbery; seizure
nusvuzre: noun; theif; robber; bandit
nutdhavre: noun; boyfriend; male lover
nutdrylle: noun; lover
nuthan: verb; to eat; to ingest; to digest; to consume
nuthnynre: noun; dining room; restaurant
nuthre: noun; food; fuel
nutran: verb; to love; to woo; to seduce
nutrazhi: descriptive; romantic; loved; precious; beloved
nutre: noun; romance; love; darling; term of endearment
nutruyr: descriptive; seductive; loving
nutzhulre: noun; girlfriend; female lover
nuzadhan: verb; to rejoice
nuzadhazhi: descriptive; joyful
nuzadhre: noun; joy
nuzadhuyr: descriptive; causes joy
nuzan: verb; to be happy; to smile; to grin
nuzazhi: descriptive; happy
nuzre: noun; happiness
nuzusan: verb; to be content
nuzusazhi: descriptive; content
nuzusre: noun; contentment
nuzusuyr: descriptive; causes contentment
nuzuyr: descriptive; causes happiness
nvu: conjunction; because; as a result of
nvyran: verb; to count; to number; to quantify; to measure; to weigh; to calculate; to compute
nvyrdzynre: noun; calculator; computer
nvyrre: noun; number; amount; quantity
nvyruzze: noun; counter (one who counts); mathematician
nycre: noun; fruit
nynan: verb; to be in a place; to locate
nynre: noun; place; location
nytre: noun; ant; spider; bug; insect
nyvazhi: descriptive; innocent; blameless; naive
nyvre: noun; innocence; naivety
nyvuzre: noun; innocent one; blameless one; naive one
Nyzachymre: noun; god of evil
nyzan: verb; to do or be evil
nyzcryvan: verb; to be greedy, miserly, or possessive
nyzcryvuyr: descriptive; greedy; miserly; possessive
nyzcryvve: noun; greed
nyzre: noun; evil; badness; unrighteousness
nyzusan: verb; to annoy; to bother; to make mischief
nyzusazhi: descriptive; annoyed; bothered
nyzusre: noun; annoyance; mischief
nyzusuyr: descriptive; annoying; bothersome; mischievous; naughty
nyzusuzre: noun; one who annoys; mischief-maker
nyzuyr: descriptive; evil; bad; unrighteous
nyzuzre: noun; evildoer; an unrighteous or bad person
nyzytre: noun; evil act or event; sin
racan: verb; to bury; to plant; to sow
racazhi: descriptive; earthen; dirty
racce: noun; earth; ground; dirt
raizan: verb; to provide a purpose or reason; to motivate; to strive toward a goal
raizazhi: descriptive; purposeful; motivated; driven
raizuyr: descriptive; motivating; driving; causing
raizvhaezan: verb; to go on a journey; to take a trip; to undertake a quest or mission
raizvhaezre: noun; journey; trip; quest; mission
raizze: noun; purpose; reason; cause; motivation; goal; objective
ravtre: noun; hawk; eagle; falcon; owl; bird of prey
reu: interjection; by the way; oh hey, so; anyway
ryldan: verb; to beautify
ryldazhi: descriptive; beautiful
ryldre: noun; beauty
ryvan: verb; to collect; to gather; to harvest; to reap
ryvtadhan: verb; to infuriate; enrage
ryvtadhazhi: descriptive; furious; enraged
ryvtadhre: noun; fury; rage
ryvtadhuyr: descriptive; infuriating; enraging
ryvtan: verb; to anger
ryvtazhi: descriptive; angry
ryvtlylvhan: verb; to scream or shout in anger
ryvtlylvhre: noun; angry scream or yell
ryvtre: noun; anger
ryvtusan: verb; to disgruntle; to annoy
ryvtusazhi: descriptive; disgruntled; annoyed
ryvtusre: noun; disgruntlement; annoyance
ryvtusuyr: descriptive; annoying
ryvtuyr: descriptive; angering
ryvve: noun; gathering; harvest; collection
sa: interjection; I know, right?; yeah!; u-huh; OK
santazhi: descriptive; loved sacrificially
santran: verb; to love sacrificially; to love as a parent or creator
santre: noun; sacrificial love; parental love; selfless love
santruzre: noun; one who loves sacrificially
santuyr: descriptive; sacrificially loving
savan: verb; to affirm; to confirm; to validate
savre: noun; yes; affirmation; confirmation; validation
shantan: verb; to sing; to whistle; to hum; to make music
shantazhi: descriptive; musical
shantre: noun; song; music
shantuzre: noun; singer; musician
shymrazhi: descriptive; golden
shymre: noun; gold
shynadhan: verb; to torment; to torture
shynadhre: noun; torment; agony; torture
shynan: verb; to hurt
shynlylvhan: verb; to cry out in pain;
shynlylvhre: noun; cry of pain; pained scream
shynre: noun; pain
shynusan: verb; to irritate; to itch
shynusre: noun; irritation; itch
slyllaesre: noun; sunlight
slylre: noun; sun
svanre: noun; duck; goose; swan; puffin; gull; waterfowl
svulcan: verb; to contain; to wrap; to surround; to encircle
svulcazhi: descriptive; contained; wrapped; surrounded; encircled
svulcre: noun; container; wrapper; surrounding; environment; context
svulcuyr: descriptive; containing; wrapping; surrounding; encircling
svyctan: verb; to repulse; to push; to cast; to banish; to send; to repel; to expel; to exile; to go; to leave; to depart
svyctazhi: descriptive; repulsed; pushed; cast out; banished; sent; repelled; expelled; exiled; gone; left
svyctre: noun; repulsion; banishment; expulsion; exile; departure
svyctuyr: descriptive; repulsive; pushing; casting; banishing; sending; repelling; expelling; exiling
svynan: verb; to bleed; to redden
svynazhi: descriptive; bloody; red or magenta
svynre: noun; blood; bodily fluid; red or magenta color
sycan: verb; to wield a scythe, halberd, or glaive
sycre: noun; scythe; halberd; glaive
syctan: verb; to reserve; to purify; to sanctify; to save; to set apart
syctazhi: descriptive; reserved; pure; holy; saved; virgin; set apart
syctre: noun; reservation; purity; sanctity; holiness; salvation; virginity
syctuyr: descriptive; purifying; sanctifying
syctuzre: noun; purifier; sanctifier; savior
sycusan: verb; to wield a sickle
sycusre: noun; sickle
sycuzre: noun; halberdier
sylvadhazhi: descriptive; forested; wooded
sylvadhnynre: noun; forest; woodland; woods
sylvadhre: noun; tree
sylvan: verb; to sprout; to grow; to make or become green
sylvazhi: descriptive; overgrown; green
sylvazsvulcre: noun; seed (of a plant)
sylvcurnre: noun; bark
sylvdurre: noun; branch
sylvludre: noun; root
sylvmuctre: noun; twig; stick
sylvnynre: noun; garden
sylvre: noun; plant; vegetation; green color
sylvtryzze: noun; leaf
sylvurnre: noun; split or fork in a branch
sylvusazhi: descriptive; grassy; mossy
sylvusnynre: noun; field; meadow; lawn
sylvusre: noun; grass; moss
sylvzhamvre: noun; stem; trunk; log
syt: conjunction; successive and; and then
syth: number; three
sythre: noun; trio; trinity; trifecta; triumvirate
thi: determiner; your; yours
thire: noun; you; yourself
thralan: verb; to carry; to hold; to bear; to support; to follow; to serve
thralazhi: descriptive; carried; held; born; supported; served; followed
thraletan: verb; to handle; to grip; to hold by a handle
thraletre: noun; handle; hilt; grip
thralle: noun; carrier; holder; bearer; support; supporter; follower; disciple; vassal; servant; slave
thraluyr: descriptive; carrying; holding; bearing; supporting; serving; following
thralvan: verb; to move inward; to retract; to go inside
thralvre: noun; waist; hips; belly; stomach; lower back; groin; core; center
thulre: noun; thigh; upper leg; buttocks
thulurnan: verb; to raise, lower, or twist the thigh; to rotate the thigh joint
thulurnre: noun; thigh joint; hip
thvaenre: noun; whale; porpoise
thysnan: verb; straddle a boundary; make or become gray
thysnazhi: descriptive; gray
thysne: noun; twilight; border; gray color
truvhan: verb; to attract; to pull; to suck; to draw; to summon; to bring; to lure; to come; to approach
truvhazhi: descriptive; attracted, pulled, sucked; drawn; summoned; brought; lured
truvhhe: noun; attraction; suction; summons; lure
truvhuyr: descriptive; attractive; pulling; sucking; drawing; summoning; bringing; luring; alluring
tryzazhi: noun; hairy; furry; feathered
tryztan: verb; to trust; to be faithful; to rely on; to be accurate; to makr or fulfill an oath, promise, or vow
tryztazhi: descriptive; trustworthy; reliable
tryztre: noun; loyalty; faithfulness; fidelity; trust; reliability; accuracy; oath; promise; vow
tryzturzan: verb; to confide in someone
tryztuyr: descriptive; loyal; faithful; trustworthy; reliable; accurate
tryztuzre: noun; confidant
tryzze: noun; hair; fur; feather
tvelan: verb; to climb a mountain
tvelazhi: descriptive; mountainous
tvelrantre: noun; mountain range
tvelre: noun; mountain
tvycan: verb; to rot; to decay; to waste; to dispose of; to throw out
tvycazhi: descriptive; rotten; decayed; wasted
tvycnynre: noun; dump
tvycre: noun; rot; decay; garbage; waste; trash
tvycsvulcre: noun; trash bin; garbage can
tvycuyr: descriptive; wasteful
tvycuzre: noun; waster
tynvan: verb; to fence in; to limit; to stop; to contain; to curb; to remain within
tynvazhi: descriptive; bounded; fenced in; limited; stopped; contained
tynvre: noun; boundary; fence; railing; wall; limit
tynvuyr: descriptive; bounding; limiting; containing
tyrnan: verb; to part; to diverge; to scatter
tyrnre: noun; parting; divergence; scattering
tzavan: verb; to rule; to reign; to govern
tzavazhi: descriptive; royal; sovereign
tzavdhavre: noun; king
tzavnynre: noun; palace
tzavre: noun; monarchy; royalty; government; sovereignty
tzavuzre: noun; monarch; ruler
tzavytre: noun; crown; scepter
tzavzachan: verb; to inherit a throne
tzavzachre: noun; prince; princess
tzavzhulre: noun; queen
tzylan: verb; to snow
tzylazhi: descriptive; snowy
tzyllaesan: verb; to glow like snow under light (especially moonlight)
tzyllaesazhi: descriptive; glow like snow under light (especially moonlight)
tzyllaesre: noun; light (especially moonlight) reflected off snow
tzylre: noun; snow
tzynan: verb; to poison
tzynazhi: descriptive; poisoned
tzynre: noun; poison; venom; toxin
tzynuyr: descriptive; poisonous; venomous; toxic
u: interjection; and you?; well?; so?
uclan: verb; to see; to look
uclazhi: descriptive; observant; watchful
ucle: noun; eye; vision; sense of sight
uclytre: noun; view; appearance; aesthetic; vision; sight
ucuyl: descriptive; visible
udysan: verb; to shrink in size or volume
udysazhi: descriptive; small; little
udysre: noun; smallness; littleness
udysusazhi: descriptive; tiny; miniscule; microscopic
udysusre: noun; tinyness
ue: interjection; go on; u-huh; mm-hm
uilan: verb; to aid; to help; to assist; to benefit; to serve
uilre: noun; aid; assistance; benefit; service
uiluyr: descriptive; helpful; beneficial; assistive
uiluzre: noun; aide; helper; assistant; benefactor; servant
ulnre: noun; forearm; lower arm
ulnurnan: verb; to bend or straighten the elbow
ulnurnre: noun; elbow
ulyndan: verb; to shorten (spatial length); to shrink in spatial length
ulyndazhi: descriptive; short (spatial length)
ulyndre: noun; shortness (spatial length)
ulyndusazhi: descriptive; extremely short (spatial length)
ulyndusre: noun; extreme shortness (spatial length)
ulythan: verb; to recline; to lie
ulythazhi: descriptive; reclined; lying
ulythre: noun; reclined or lying posture
umsvynan: verb; to make or become brown, dark orange, or dark yellow
umsvynazhi: descriptive; stained with dark or old blood; brown; dark orange or yellow
umsvynre: noun; dark or old blood; brown color; dark orange or yellow color
umvadhan: verb; to darken completely, to completely blacken
umvadhazhi: descriptive; completely dark; pitch black
umvadhre: noun; absolute darkness
umvan: verb; to darken; to blacken
umvazhi: descriptive; dark; black
umvre: noun; darkness; blackness
umvusan: verb; to dim
umvusazhi: descriptive; dim
umvusre: noun; dimness
uran: verb; to deter, to cause woe, to harm, to hinder
urnan: verb; to bend a joint; to rotate around a point; to orbit
urnazhi: descriptive; jointed; hinged
urnre: noun; joint; hinge; axis; center of rotation
urre: noun; detriment, woe, harm, hindrance
uruyr: descriptive; detrimental, harmful, hindering
urvadhre: noun; thick smoke, mist, fog, or vapor
urvan: verb; to billow and writhe like vapor
urvazhi: descriptive; smoky; cloudy; foggy; misty; steamy; vaporous
urvre: noun; smoke; steam; fog; mist; vapor
urvusre: noun; thin smoke, mist, fog, or vapor
urvytadhre: noun; thunderhead
urvytre: noun; plume of smoke or steam; cloud
urvytusre: noun; wisp of smoke, steam, fog, or mist; small cloud
urzhan: verb; to work with or craft from metal
urzhazhi: descriptive; metal; metallic; iron; steel
urzhnynre: noun; forge; blacksmith
urzhre: noun; metal; iron; steel
urzhuzre: noun; metalworker; blacksmith
usan: verb; to remove or break a bone
usazhi: descriptive; bony
uscyvhre: noun; deer; carribou; moose
usrantazhi: descriptive; skeletal
usrantre: noun; skeleton
usre: noun; bone
ussvulcre: noun; coffin; sarcophagus; bed
uthre: noun; home; place of welcome, belonging, or comfort
uv: conjunction; if-then
uvadhan: verb; to grieve; to mourn
uvadhazhi: descriptive; grief-stricken; mournful
uvadhre: noun; grief; mourning
uvadhuyr: descriptive; grievous
uvan: verb; to sadden
uvazhi: descriptive; sad; sorrowful
uvaztan: verb; to thin; to narrow; to shrink in width
uvaztazhi: descriptive; thin; skinny; narrow
uvaztre: noun; thinness; skinnyness; narrowness
uvaztusazhi: descriptive; extremely thin, skinny, or narrow
uvaztusre: noun; extreme thinness, skinnyness, or narrowness
uvdan: verb; to move outward; to go outside
uvdazhi: descriptive; outer; outside; beyond
uvdre: noun; outside; that which lies beyond
uvdyvazhi: descriptive; extraterrestrial; alien (from outer space)
uvdyvre: noun; outer space; the void
uvdyvuchan: verb; to drive, ride, or travel by spaceship
uvdyvuchre: noun; spaceship
uvdyvuchuzre: noun; spaceship pilot
uvluvan: verb; to cry; to rain
uvluvazhi: descriptive; crying; rainy
uvluvre: noun; tears; rain
uvlylvhan: verb; to cry out in sadness; to wail; to sob; to lament
uvlylvhre: noun; cry of sadness; wail; sob; lamentation
uvn: conjunction; therefore; as a result; and so
uvre: noun; sadness; sorrow
uvusan: verb; to disappoint
uvusazhi: descriptive; disappointed
uvusre: noun; disappointment
uvusuyr: descriptive; disappointing
uvuyr: descriptive; saddening
uychadhan: verb; to multiply (mathematics)
uychadhre: noun; multiplication (mathematics)
uychan: verb; to increase; to grow; to improve; to upgrade; to add
uychre: noun; increase; growth; improvement; upgrade; addition
uychre-ne: noun; autumn; fall (season)
uynadhan: verb; to divide (mathematics)
uynadhre: noun; division (mathematics)
uynan: verb; to decrease; to reduce; to downgrade; to degrade; to subtract
uynre: noun; decrease; reduction; entropy; downgrade; degredation; subtraction
uynre-ne: noun; spring (season)
uyrdhan: verb; to write; to arrange or compose words
uyrdhazhi: descriptive; written
uyrdhdlynan: verb; to read
uyrdhdlynre: noun; reading; ability to read
uyrdhdlynuzre: noun; reader
uyrdhrantadhre: noun; tome; large book
uyrdhrantnynre: noun; library
uyrdhrantre: noun; book; literature; publication; any written material
uyrdhrantusre: noun; booklet; pamphlet; brochure
uyrdhre: noun; writing; written word; arrangement of words; literary composition
uyrdhuzre: noun; writer; author
uyrdhytre: noun; pen; pencil; stylus; any writing tool
uzydan: verb; to shrink in height or depth
uzydazhi: descriptive; short (height); shallow
uzydre: noun; shortness (height); shallowness
uzydusazhi: descriptive; extremely short (height) or shallow
uzydusre: noun; extreme shortness (height) or shallowness
vachan: verb; to depart, to go
vachre: noun; departure
vaztre: noun; width; thickness; breadth
vhaezan: verb; to guide; to follow a path; to employ a method
vhaezazhi: descriptive; guided
vhaezre: noun; way; path; road; trail; method; conduit
vhaezuyr: descriptive; guiding
vhaezuzre: noun; guide
vhaezytre: noun; guidepost; sign
vhantan: verb; to drink
vhantre: noun; drink
vhantsvulcre: noun; cup; goblet
vhlacre: noun; cat; feline
vhluran: verb; to blossom; to bloom; to flower
vhlurazhi: descriptive; flowery; covered in flowers
vhlurre: noun; flower
vhlusan: verb; to sniff; to smell
vhlusre: noun; nose; beak; snout; sense of smell
vhlusuyr: descriptive; smelly; odorous; pungent; fragrant
vhlusytre: noun; scent; odor; fragrance; smell
vhrusadhan: verb; to make or become freezing
vhrusadhazhi: descriptive; freezing, frigid, frozen
vhrusadhre: noun; freezing cold
vhrusan: verb; to make or be cold
vhrusazhi: descriptive; cold
vhrusse: noun; coldness
vhrususan: verb; to make or become cool
vhrususazhi: descriptive; cool, chilly
vhrususre: noun; coolness, chilliness
vhylan: verb; to protect; to guard; to defend
vhylazhi: descriptive; protected; guarded; defended
vhylnytre: noun; beetle
vhylre: noun; defense; fortress; castle
vhyluyr: descriptive; protective; defensive; guarding
vhyluzre: noun; guard; sentinel; defender; protector
vhylzalmre: noun; turtle; tortoise
vhynan: verb; to bite; to chew; to gnaw
vhynre: noun; tooth; fang; ability to chew; ability to bite
vhytan: verb; to influence; to exercise power; to affect; to have an effect
vhytazhi: descriptive; influenced; affected
vhytre: noun; influence; power; ability
vhytuyr: descriptive; influential; powerful; effective
vlaedan: verb; to champion or defend a cause; to wield a blade or weapon; to present an argument; to make a point (in a debate)
vlaedre: noun; champion; hero; knight; master of combat; noble blade; weapon; argument (point made in a debate)
vlaeduyr: descriptive; heroic; knightly; bladed; armed; weaponized
vlaerre: noun; neck; throat
vlaerurnan: verb; to bend the neck joint
vlaerurnre: noun; spinal joint at the base of the neck that connects the neck to the shoulders; neck joint
vlydan: verb; to ride a horse; to ride any animal
vlydre: noun; horse; pony; donkey; steed
vraesse: noun; rabbit; hare
vraethan: verb; to hope; to encourage
vraethazhi: descriptive; hopeful; hopefully; encouraged
vraethe: noun; hope; encouragement
vraethuyr: descriptive; encouraging
vraethuzre: noun; hope-bringer; encourager
vrushadhan: verb; to burn or make extremely hot
vrushadhazhi: descriptive; extremely hot, burning
vrushadhre: noun; burning heat
vrushan: verb; to heat
vrushazhi: descriptive; hot
vrushhe: noun; heat
vrushusan: verb; to warm
vrushusazhi: descriptive; warm
vrushusre: noun; warmth
vu: preposition; relational preposition (e.g. of, for, against, etc.)
vuchan: verb; to drive, ride, or travel by vehicle
vuchre: noun; cart; carriage; car; truck; automobile; vehicle
vuchuzre: noun; driver
vulcre: noun; bear (animal)
vultre: noun; chicken; turkey; pheasant
vurzan: verb; to strengthen; to reinforce; to empower; to force
vurzazhi: descriptive; strong; firm; forceful; powerful
vurzuyr: descriptive; strengthening; empowering
vuzre: noun; strength; firmness; force; power
vychan: verb; to move backward; to move toward the back
vychre: noun; back; rear
vyntan: verb; to arrive, to come, to approach
vyntre: noun; arrival, approach
vysan: verb; to make or become gibbous; to swell; to fill to more than half full; to move rightward
vysazhi: descriptive; gibbous; convex; more than half full; right-handed
vysre: noun; gibbous moon; convexity; right-hand side
vyzcan: verb; disembowel; dissect
vyzcre: noun; entrails; organs; guts
vyztre: noun; body; form; shape; figure
y: interjection; uh; um; hmm; er; erm
ydysazhi: descriptive; of medium size or volume
ydysre: noun; medium size; medium volume
yl: conjunction; unitive and
yldan: verb; to connect; to come together; to bind together; to fuse; to marry; to wed
yldazhi: descriptive; connected; together; bound together; fused; married; wedded
ylddhavre: noun; husband
ylddrylle: noun; spouse
yldre: noun; connection; togetherness; fusion; marriage; wedding
yldzhulre: noun; wife
ylvadhre: noun; middle of the day; brightest, hottest part of the day
ylvan: verb; to make or become daytime; to make or become blue
ylvazhi: descriptive; diurnal; blue
ylvre: noun; daytime; blue color
ylvusre: noun; dawn
ylyndazhi: descriptive; of medium length (spatial)
ylyndre: noun; medium length (spatial)
ylythan: verb; to sit
ylythazhi: descriptive; seated
ylythre: noun; seated posture
yndan: verb; to hunger; to be out of fuel
yndazhi: descriptive; hungry; empty; lacking
yndre: noun; hunger; emptiness; shortage; lack
yr: conjunction; inclusive or; and-or
yrsan: verb; to be full; to be content; to be satisfied
yrsazhi: descriptive; full; satisfied; content; plentiful; bountiful
yrsre: noun; fullness; satisfaction; plenty; bounty; contentment
ytran: verb; to be; to exist
ytrazhi: descriptive; existing; extant
ytre: noun; existence; state of being; something; presence
yvaztazhi: descriptive; of medium width, thickness, or breadth
yvaztre: noun; medium width; medium thickness; medium breadth
yvran: verb; to legislate; to regulate; to organize; to moderate; to balance
yvrazhi: descriptive; ordered; lawful; regulated; organized; moderate; balanced
yvre: noun; order; law; regulation; organization; moderation; balance
yvtran: verb; to exude a feeling; to create an ambience; to project an aura
yvtre: noun; ambience; air; presence; feeling; atmosphere; aura
yvtuyr: descriptive; atmospheric
yzhtan: verb; to disintegrate; to reduce to dust or ash
yzhtazhi: descriptive; dusty; ashen; sandy; grainy
yzhtre: noun; dust; ash; sand; speck; particle; grain (not food)
yzydazhi: descriptive; of medium height or depth
yzydre: noun; medium height; medium depth
zachan: verb; to inherit
zachre: noun; heir; inheritor
zaeran: verb; to master; to command; to outrank
zaerazhi: descriptive; mastered; commanded; outranked
zaerre: noun; mastery; command; rank
zaeruyr: descriptive; masterful; commanding; high-ranking
zaeruzze: noun; master; commander
zaetlasre: noun; this month
zaetnactre: noun; tonight; today
zaetnodhre: noun; this year
zaetre: noun; present (time); now; current thing; modernity
zai: determiner; the; that
zainynan: verb; to be there
zainynazhi: descriptive; being there
zainynre: noun; there
zalmre: noun; lizard; crocodile; alligator; newt; salamander
zare: noun; that; that one
zhaedan: verb; to animal-ize; to dehumanize; to act or make like an animal; to be wild
zhaedazhi: descriptive; animalistic; beastial; wild; feral; not a person; inhuman
zhaedre: noun; animal; beast; non-person
zhaeduyr: descriptive; animal-izing; dehumanizing; wild-making; feral-izing
zhamvan: verb; to kick; to run
zhamvre: noun; shin; lower leg; calf
zhamvurnan: verb; to bend or straighten the knee; to kneel
zhamvurnre: noun; knee
zhe: determiner; my; mine
zhianan: verb; to practice an art or craft; to plan; to strategize
zhianazhi: descriptive; artful; creative; planned; strategic
zhianre: noun; art; craft; plan; strategy
zhianusan: verb; to perform a technique; to execute a tactic
zhianusazhi: descriptive; technical; tactical
zhianusre: noun; technique; tactic
zhianusuzre: noun; tactician; technician
zhianuzre: noun; artist; craftsman; planner; strategist
zhra: conjunction; also; too
zhre: noun; I; me; myself
zhuladhre: noun; adult woman; big sister
zhulazhi: descriptive; feminine; womanly; sisterly
zhulre: noun; woman; sister
zhulusre: noun; girl; daughter; little sister
zhytan: verb; to objectify
zhytre: noun; thing; object; noun; “whatchimacallit”
zie: determiner; the; this
zienynan: verb; to be here
zienynazhi: descriptive; being here
zienynre: noun; here
zire: noun; this; this one
zlysan: verb; to cut; to slice; to separate; to sever; to amputate; to divorce
zlysazhi: descriptive; cut; sliced; separated; severed; amputated; divorced
zlysre: noun; cut; slice; separation; severance; amputation; divorce
zlysuzre: noun; common blade; cutter; slicer; separator
zlytadhre: noun; ball (dance); war
zlytadhuzre: noun; soldier; warrior
zlytan: verb; to dance; to fight; to interact
zlytre: noun; dance; fight; interaction
zlytuzre: noun; dancer; fighter
zraelan: verb; to tell the truth
zraelazhi: descriptive; honest; real
zraelle: noun; truth; reality; honesty
zraeluzre: noun; honest person
zulan: verb; to make or become cyan
zulazhi: descriptive; ghostly; spiritual; cyan
zulnusazhi: descriptive; necromantic
zulnusvan: verb; to commit evil necromancy
zulnusvre: noun; evil necromancy
zulnusvuzre: noun; evil necromancer
zulre: noun; ghost; spirit; soul; cyan color
zulyldan: verb; to perform good or neutral necromancy
zulyldre: noun; good or neutral necromancy
zulylduzre: noun; good or neutral necromancer
zut: number; one
zutan: verb; to leave alone; to abandon
zutazhi: descriptive; alone; lonely; solitary; abandoned
zutracre: noun; island
zutre: noun; loneliness; solitude; abandonment
zvacan: verb; to strike with lightning; to electrify, to charge with electricity, to electrocute
zvacazhi: descriptive; electrified, charged with electricity, electric
zvacre: noun; lightning; electricity, electrical charge
zvaran: verb; to fly
zvarre: noun; bird; songbird
zvathadhan: verb; to wield a greatsword
zvathadhre: noun; greatsword
zvathadhuzre: noun; greatswordsman
zvathan: verb; to wield a sword
zvathre: noun; sword
zvathsvulcre: noun; sheath; scabbard
zvathusan: verb; to wield a dagger
zvathusre: noun; dagger; knife
zvathusuzre: noun; knife fighter
zvathuzre: noun; swordsman
zvyradhan: verb; to storm
zvyradhazhi: descriptive; stormy
zvyradhre: noun; storm
zvyran: verb; to inflate
zvyrazhi: descriptive; airy; inflated
zvyrdryvtan: verb; to blow
zvyrdryvtazhi: descriptive; windy
zvyrdryvte: noun; wind; air current
zvyrnynre: noun; sky
zvyrre: noun; air
zvyrvuchan: verb; to drive, ride, or travel by airborne vehicle
zvyrvuchre: noun; any flying vehicle; airship; airplane; blimp; helicopter
zvyrvuchuzre: noun; pilot
zycre: noun; fly; gnat; mosquito; bee
zydre: noun; height; depth
zylman: verb; to give; to donate
zylmazhi: descriptive; given; donated
zylmre: noun; gift; present; donation
zylmuyr: descriptive; generous; giving; donating; philanthropic
zylmuzre: noun; generous person; giver; donor; philanthropist
zynazhi: descriptive; mortal
zynre: noun; mortality
zytan: verb; to die; to kill; to end
zytazhi: descriptive; dead; deathly
zythan: verb; to rise; to ascend; to move upward
zythazhi: descriptive; upper; higher; taller; upward
zythre: noun; top; maximum; apex; zenith
zythre-ne: noun; winter
zytnynre: noun; grave; graveyard; cemetery; crypt; bedroom; inn
zytre: noun; death; end
Zytrysse: noun; goddess of death
zytuclytan: verb; to dream; to hallucinate
zytuclytre: noun; illusion; dream; mirage; hallucination
zytusan: verb; to sleep; to be unconscious
zytusazhi: descriptive; asleep; unconscious
zytusre: noun; sleep; unconsciousness
zytuyr: descriptive; deadly; lethal; fatal; conclusive
zytuzre: noun; killer; executioner
zytvhytan: verb; to change seasons
zytvhytazhi: descriptive; seasonal
zytvhytre: noun; season (time)